Introduced apionidae and brentidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) in the maritime provinces of Canada

2007·4.5 MB·

by  Christopher G Majka

PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH.
109(1), 2007, pp. 66-74
INTRODUCED APIONIDAE AND BRENTIDAE
(COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONOIDEA) IN THE MARITIME PROVINCES
OF CANADA
Christopher G. Majka, Robert S. Anderson, and Eric Georgeson
(CGM) Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History, 1747 Summer Street, Halifax,
Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 3A6 (e-mail: [email protected]); (RSA) Canadian
Museum of Nature, P.O. Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada KIP 6P4
(e-mail: [email protected]); (EG) Nova Scotia Department of Natural
Resources, P.O. Box 130, Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia, Canada BON 2H0 (e-mail:
[email protected])
—
Abstract. The introduced Apionidae and Brentidae in the Maritime Provinces of
Canada are surveyed. Perapion curtirostre (Germar) is recorded for the first time in
Canada from specimens collected in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince
Edward Island. Rhopalapion longirostre (Olivier) is recorded for the first time in
Nova Scotia and Atlantic Canada. Changes in the range of Omphalapion hookerorum
(Kirby) in Nova Scotia are discussed, and a Nova Scotia record of an intercepted
specimen ofArrenodes rnimitus (Drury) is noted. All records are briefly discussed in
the context of introduced Coleoptera in the region.
Key Words: Coleoptera, Apionidae, Brentidae, Perapion, Rhopalapion, Omphala-
pion, Arrenodes, Maritime Provinces, introduced species, new records,
biodiversity
The literature pertaining to introduced pion hookerorum (Kirby), and Rhopala-
species found in Atlantic Canada con- pion longirostre (Olivier) - within the
tinues to grow. Brown (1940, 1950, larger context of introduced insects in
1967), Lindroth (1957), Johnson (1990), North America.
Wheeler and Hoebeke (1994), Hoebeke
Conventions
and Wheeler (1996a, 1996b, 2000, 2003,
2005a, 2005b), Majka (2005), Majka and Abbreviations of collections referred
Klimaszewski (2004), Majka and LeSage to in this study are:
(2006), and Majka et al. (2006b) are some
of the studies that have contributed to ACNS AgricultureandAgri-FoodCa-
this topic. Although the treatments by nada, Kentville, Nova Scotia.
Brown and Lindroth dealt with intro- CBU Cape Breton University, Syd-
duced weevils in the region, compara- ney, Nova Scotia.
tively little attention has been given to CUIC Cornell University Insect Col-
introduced and adventive Apionidae and lection, Ithaca, New York.
Brentidae. In this paper we discuss recent CGMC Christopher G. Majka collec-
records of four adventive species in the tion, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
region - Arrenodes minutus (Drury), JOC Jeffrey Ogden Collection,
Perapion curtirostre (Germar), Omphala- Truro, Nova Scotia.
VOLUME 109, NUMBER 1 67
NSAC Nova Scotia Agricultural Col- 7.viii.2005, C.G. Majka, CGMC; Mid-
lege, Bible Hill, Nova Scotia. dleton, 5.viii.2001, E.R. Hoebeke and
NSMC Nova Scotia Museum, Hali- A.G. Wheeler, CUIC; Bridgetown,
fax, Nova Scotia. 5.viii.2001, E.R. Hoebeke and A.G.
NSNR Nova Scotia Department of Wheeler, (24), CUIC. Colchester Co.:
Natural Resources, Shubena- Bible Hill, 29.vii.2003, E.R. Hoebeke
cadie. Nova Scotia. and A.G. Wheeler, (8), CUIC; Bible
RPWC Reginald P. Webster collec- Hill, 3.viii.2003, E.R. Hoebeke and A.G.
tion, Charter's Settlement, Wheeler, (61), CUIC; Bible Hill,
New Brunswick. 10.vi.2004, K. Aikens, (2), CBU; Bible
Hill, 14.V.2005 & 31.V.2005, S. Town-
The number of specimens is noted in send, (44), CBU. Digby Co.: Brier
parentheses. If not specified, it is as- Island, 22.vi.2003, J. Ogden & K. Good-
sumed to be one. win, (2), JOC. Hahfax Co.: Point Pleas-
&
ant Park, 7.vi.2001 15.xi.2001, C.G.
Results Majka, CGMC; south-end Halifax,
&
Brentidae 20.V.2002, 23.V.2002, 21.vi.2002, C.G.
Majka, (18), CGMC; Herring Cove,
Arrenodes minutus (Drury 1770) ll.viii.2002, C.G. Majka, (2), CGMC;
NOVA SCOTIA: Halifax Co.: Hali- West Dover, 7.ix.2003, C.G. Majka, (7),
burton, 10.ii.2005, M. Knapp, NSMC. CGMC; Dartmouth, 27-28.vii.2003, E.R.
A specimen of this species was inter- Hoebeke and A.G. Wheeler, (35), CUIC.
cepted after it emerged from wooden Hants Co.: Ellershouse, 30.vi.2002, C.G.
furniture imported to Nova Scotia from Majka, CGMC; Noel Shore, 2.vii.2002,
Indiana, U.S.A. Although a Nearctic A.J. Hebda, (3), NSMC. Inverness Co.:
species, it is not native to Atlantic Port Hawkesbury, 31.vii.2003, E.R. Hoe-
Canada. Generally distributed in the beke and A.G. Wheeler, CUIC. Kings
eastern United States (Anderson and Co.: Sheffield Mills, 26.vi.2002, K. Neal,
NSMC; &
Kissinger 2002), it ranges north into Sheffield Mills, 19.vi.2005
southern Ontario and Quebec (McNa- 3.vii.2005, S. Westby, ACNS; Upper
mara 1991). Adults are found under the Canard, 10.viii.2004, C. Sheffield, (5),
bark of oaks {Quercus spp.) (Fagaceae); ACNS. Lunenburg Co.: Elmwood,
larvae bore into the wood (Buchanan l.xi.2005, Moore & LeBlanc, (3), NSNR.
1960). Pictou Co.: Pictou, 30.vii.2003, E.R.
Hoebeke and A.G. Wheeler, (2), CUIC.
Apionidae PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Kings
Co.: Caledonia, 12.vii.2002, C.G. Majka,
Perapion curtirostre (Germar 1817) CGMC; Woodville Mills, 25.viii.2003,
NEW BRUNSWICK: Albert Co.: C.G. Majka, (3), CGMC. Queens Co.:
Mary's Point, 8.ix.2002, C.G. Majka, St. Patricks, 14.vii.2002, C.G. Majka,
(2), CGMC; Mary's Point, 13.ix.2006, CGMC; Princeton-Warburton Rd.,
C.G. Majka, (2), CGMC. Queens Co.: 27.vi.2003, C.G. Majka, CGMC.
Canning: Scotchtown near Indian Point, Whitehead (1980) first reported this
5.vi.2004, R.P. Webster, margin of lake: Palearctic species from specimens col-
oak-maple forest on sandy soil, RPWC. lected in 1968, northwest ofBar Harbor,
NOVA SCOTIA: Annapolis Co.: Annap- Maine, and from Suffolk County, New
oHs Royal, 30.vi.2002, C.G. Majka, York. Until recently it had not been
CGMC; Granville Ferry, 30.vi.2002, further reported in North America.
C.G. Majka, (7), CGMC; Hampton, Downie and Arnett (1996) Hsted it from
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
68
New Brunswick
Cape Breton
Island
^==^
Perapion curtirostre
Fig. \. Distribution oiPerapion curtirostre in the Maritime Provinces.
Indiana; however, no source is provided Several specimens of P. curtirostre
for this report and it is almost certainly were collected from the foliage ofbalsam
in error. Recent research in the Maritime fir {Abies balsamea (L.) Mill) (Pinaceae)
Provinces has shown that this species is that had been cut and stored in a field in
common and generally distributed except preparation for export to the United
for Cape Breton Island (Fig. 1). In States as Christmas trees. One of us
Europe, it is associated with Rumex (R.S.A.) also recently received specimens
spp., including R. acetosa L., R. acet- of P. curtirostre which had been inter-
osella L., R. crispus L., and R. obtusifo- cepted in Panama on Canadian balsam
lius L. (Polygonaceae) (Hoffman 1958), firs exported as Christmas trees. This is
all of which have been introduced to the a hitherto undocumented mode of dis-
Maritime Provinces. In Bible Hill, Nova persal for this species. The association
Scotia, it has been sweep-netted in fields may be fortuitous, the weevils having
where R. acetosella, R. crispus, and R. simply climbed into the foliage of trees.
obtusifolius are present. Most specimens Christmas trees are often stored for
collected by E.R. Hoebeke and A.G. extended periods lying prone in fields
Wheeler, Jr. in Nova Scotia were swept before being shipped to markets. Anoth-
from R. acetosella although at Bible Hill er possibility may be that adults over-
some were also collected from R. crispus winter in the foliage of A. balsamea. In
(E.R. Hoebeke, pers. com.). the case of the chrysomelid, Oulema
VOLUME NUMBER
109, 1 69
melanopus (Linne), adults beetles some- Richmond Co.: Arichat: Isle Madame,
times overwinter in the foliage of Pinus viii.1992, G. Sampson, NSAC.
resinosa Ait., P. sylvestris L., and P. Peschken et al. (1993) and Sampson
nigra Arnold, a behavior which has led and McSween (1993) reported this spe-
to a quarantine of Christmas trees of cies as new for North America from
these species in some jurisdictions specimens collected in 1990 in Antigon-
(Royce and Simko 2000). ish. Nova Scotia. Subsequently it was
The Christmas tree industry, which is found during 1991 in surveys in northern
sizeable in Nova Scotia, began in 1922- Nova Scotia (Colchester, Pictou, Anti-
23 and peaked in 1957 when 3.8 million gonish, and Inverness counties) in 13
trees were exported (Nova Scotia De- localities on scentless chamomile, Tri-
partment of Natural Resources 2002). pleurospermwn rnaritima inodorurn (L.)
Currently (2003 figures) Nova Scotia Applequist (Asteraceae) (formerly Ma-
exports 0.8 million trees and New Bruns- tricaria rnaritima (Less.) Porter; see
wick 0.4 million (Natural Resources Applequist (2002)) Peschken et al.
Canada 2005). The Christmas Tree (1993b). Additional records are reported
Council of Nova Scotia (representing above and are shown in Fig. 2. This
2,500 growers) exports trees to Bermuda, introduction was coincidentally discov-
Brazil, Cuba, Mexico, Panama, Puerto ered as part of a program to investi-
Rico, the United States, and Venezuela gate the suitability of this weevil as
(Christmas Tree Council of Nova Scotia a biocontrol agent for T. rnaritima; the
2005). Given the abundance and wide adults and larvae feed on the flowers
distribution of P. curtirostre in the and seeds of the plant. Deliberate intro-
Maritime Provinces, the long history of ductions into the Truro-Bible Hill area,
export of trees from this region, and the from stock collected in northern Nova
scale of the past and present export Scotia, have also been made (G. Samp-
trade, its is possible that the Maine and son, pers. com.). The specimens col-
New York populations might have orig- lected by E.R. Hoebeke and A.G.
inated in the Maritime Provinces. In the Wheeler, Jr. were all collected from
Old World, P. curtirostre is found stinking mayweed, Anthemis cotula L.
throughout Europe, east to the Caucasus (Asteraceae).
(Hoffmann 1958). Peschken et al. (1993) proposed that
fishing or pleasure boats calling at the
Omphalapion hookerorum (Kirby 1808) ports of Pictou or Antigonish may have
NOVA SCOTIA: Cape Breton Co.: been responsible for the introduction.
Glace Bay, l.viii.2003, E.R. Hoebeke Another possibility, however, is that this
and A.G. Wheeler, (19), CUIC; Sydney, species was introduced via dry-ballast as
31.vii.2003, E.R. Hoebeke and A.G. proposed by Brown (1940, 1950) and
Wheeler, (7), CUIC. Colchester Co.: Lindroth (1957). In a survey of eight
Truro, 29.vii.2003, E.R. Hoebeke and principal sites in Great Britain where
A.G. Wheeler, (15), CUIC; Truro, dry-ballast destined for Atlantic Canada
3.viii.2003, E.R. Hoebeke and A.G. originated, Lindroth (1957) found T.
Wheeler, (43), CUIC; Bible Hill, maritima at both Poole and Appledore
25.vi.2004, K. Aikens, CBU; Tatama- and collected O. hookerorum at the latter
gouche, viii.1992, G. Sampson, NSAC. site. Although specific historical data are
HaHfax Co.: Point Pleasant Park, lacking, the important ports of Pictou,
24.viii.2002, C.G. Majka, (4), CGMC. Port Hawkesbury, and Sydney all lie
Pictou Co.: Pictou, 22.vii.1994, E.R. within the area where the species has
Hoebeke and A.G. Wheeler, CUIC. been found, and many other coastal
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
70
New Brunswick
Cape Breton
Island
^=^
•
Omphalapion hookerorum
®
Rhopalapion longirostre
Fig. 2. Distribution of Omphalapion hookerorum and Rhopahipioii longirostre in the Maritime
Provinces.
towns in this area had important ship- particularly between Cape George and
building and timber exporting enter- Antigonish (G. Sampson, pers. com.).
prises during the nineteenth century. The records cited above indicate the
Given that Brown (1940, 1950, 1967) species is now found further east (Sydney
and Lindroth (1957) documented many and Glace Bay) and south (Halifax) than
other species of Coleoptera introduced reported by Peschken et al. (1993) and
into North America via this pathway, O. occupies a much larger portion of the
hookerorum may also be a member of province. Whether this simply adds to
this suite of insects. the knowledge of its distribution in the
Omphalapion hookerorum has been province, or indicates that the species is
introduced into portions of British Co- expanding its range, remains to be de-
lumbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and termined; however, it appears that the
Manitoba (Harris and McClay 2001). It latter may be the case. There has been
appears to favor a continental climate, extensive prior collecting for weevils and
and in Alberta has been naturally dis- other Coleoptera by many researchers
persing at a rate of 2.8 km/year (Harris interested in adventive species in Sydney
and McClay 2001). In Nova Scotia the (Harrington 1891, Lindroth 1957, Brown
species is abundant in coastal localities 1967, McCorquodale et al. 2005) and
on the northern shore of the province, Halifax (Brown 1950; Lindroth 1957;
VOLUME NUMBER
109, 1 71
Hoebeke and Wheeler 1996a, 1996b; and Crimea to Turkistan and Iran, and
Majka et al. 2004) and this species had that consequently its persistence in cool-
not been found. er climates may be transitory. It is not
Offurther interest are the Wheeler and known if the Nova Scotia collections
Hoebeke's collections of O. hookerorum represent an ephemerally adventive pop-
on Anthemis cotula. This differs from ulation introduced via the horticultural
previous findings. Peschken et al. (1993) trade or an established population.
sampled T. maritima, Matricaria matri- Windsor does lie within a comparatively
carioides (Less.) Porter, A. cotula, and warmer portion of the province, one of
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. (Aster- only three pockets in Nova Scotia where
aceae) finding O. hookerorum only on T. the number ofannual degree-days above
maritima. Peschken and Sawchyn (1993) 5°C exceeds 1,800 (McCalla 1988).
concluded that only T. maritima and M. Nonetheless, its presence in Nova Scotia
matricarioides would be suitable field indicates that the species is continuing to
hosts for O. hookerorum. In Europe, O. expand its range, either by dispersion,
hookerorum is reported only from T. the assistance of human agency, or
maritima (Dieckmann 1977). Thus it a combination of both processes.
would appear that O. hookerorum is
Discussion
diversifying its food-plant preferences in
the New World environment. In the Old The above accounts illustrate a broad
World, it is found throughout Europe range of circumstances, which apply to
(including Great Britain), east to western introduced species, including inadver-
Siberia and the Caucasus, and south to tent and deliberate introductions, a vari-
Algeria and Morocco (Hoffmann 1958, ety of mechanisms of introduction, and
Peschken et al. 1993). a variety of pathways of subsequent
dispersal. Both O. hookerorum and P.
Rhopalapion longirostre (Olivier 1807)
curtirostre are well established in large
NOVA SCOTIA: Hants Co.: Wind- areas of the region and may be increas-
sor, 21.xi.2002, G. Oikle, (10), NSMC. ing their ranges. The status of JR. long-
Sleeper (1953) first reported this Pale- irostre is uncertain. More research is
arctic species from specimens collected in required to determine if it will persist in
Georgia, U.S.A., in 1914 and 1922. Nova Scotia. Arrenodes minutus was
Brown (1967) subsequently reported that intercepted in Nova Scotia and does
it from New York and Ontario, south to not persist.
Arkansas and North Carolina, and in The situation with introduced Apioni-
California. O'Brien and Wibmer (1982) dae in the Maritime Provinces parallels
expanded the range to include Massa- that ofother groups ofColeoptera in the
chusetts, Oregon, Washington, and Col- region. Bousquet (1992) listed 45 taxa of
orado. Bright (1993) added British Co- exotic Carabidae established in north-
lumbia and Quebec to the Canadian eastern North America. Of these, 32 are
range. The species is associated with found in the Maritimes and 15 were first
hollyhock, Althea rosea L. (Malvaceae), recorded in North America from the
where adults and larvae feed on flowers region. Overall 12% (35 of285 species) of
and seeds. The specimens collected in carabids in Nova Scotia and 15% (24 of
Nova Scotia (Fig. 2) were found on A. 159 species) on Prince Edward Island are
rosea growing in a horticultural setting. introduced (Majka et al. 2006). Majka et
Brown (1967) remarked that in Eur- al. (in press) summarize the weevil
asia the species is found primarily in (Curculionoidea) fauna ofthe Maritimes
warmer climates from Italy, Hungary, and document 59 introduced species.
72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
which comprise 21% ofthe weevil fauna. Acknowledgments
In Nova Scotia, 23 of 172 species (13%) We thank Peter Harris, Karen Saw-
of Chrysomelidae are introduced species chyn, Cory Sheffield, and Susan Westby
(C.G. Majka, unpublished data). In (Agriculture and Agri-food Canada);
the case of Apionidae four of the 13 Kathleen Aikens, Clayton D'Orsay, and
species (31%) recorded in the region Sheena Townsend (Cape Breton Univer-
are introduced Majka et al. (in press), sity), E. Richard Hoebeke (Cornell
double the overall proportion of 14.6% University), Glen Sampson (Nova Scotia
introduced species of Coleoptera in Agricultural College); Jeff Ogden (Nova
Nova Scotia (C.G. Majka, unpubhshed
Scotia Department of Natural Re-
data). sources), and Reginald P. Webster for
Both O. hookeronnii and P. cwtirostre their assistance. Particular thanks to
can be considered potentially beneficial Charles CBrien (University of Arizona)
species; they feed on, and may have and A. G. Wheeler, Jr. (Clemson Uni-
biocontrol potential against these intro-
versity) for their constructive reviews of
duced weeds. Rhopalapion longirostre
the manuscript. The first author thanks
can itself be considered a "pest" because his colleagues at the Nova Scotia Muse-
it feeds on a desirable horticultural plant um, Calum Ewing and Andrew Hebda,
(hollyhock). These categories are, of
for continuing support and encourage-
course, relative to their impact on human ment. This work has been assisted by
activities. The impact of such species on a research grant from the Nova Scotia
native faunas and environments has been Museum of Natural History.
little investigated.
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