International Trade and Transportation Infrastructure Development: Experiences in North America and Europe

284 Pages·2020·9.331 MB·English

by  Juan Carlos Villa, Maria Boile and Sotirios Theofanis

International Trade and Transportation
Infrastructure Development:
Experiences in North America and
Europe
This pageintentionallyleftblank
International Trade
and Transportation
Infrastructure
Development:
Experiences in
North America and
Europe
Juan Carlos Villa
Research Scientistand ManagerLatin America, Texas A&M
Transportation Institute(TTI), MexicoCity,Mexico
Maria Boile
Professor, Departmentof Maritime Studies, University ofPiraeus;
Directorof Research,HellenicInstituteofTransport,Greece;
Senior Research Scientist, CAIT,RutgersUniversity, NJ, United States
Sotiris Theofanis
Chairman and Managing Director ofThPA SA,PortofThessaloniki,
Greece; Senior Research Scientist, CAIT, Rutgers University, NJ,
UnitedStates
Elsevier
Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands
TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom
50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates
Copyright©2020ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic
ormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,
withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,further
informationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuch
astheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:
www.elsevier.com/permissions.
Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythe
Publisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein).
Notices
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperience
broadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedical
treatmentmaybecomenecessary.
Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluating
andusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuch
informationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,including
partiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility.
Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assume
anyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,
negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideas
containedinthematerialherein.
BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress
ISBN:978-0-12-815741-1
ForInformationonallElsevierpublications
visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
Publisher:JoeHayton
AcquisitionsEditor:BrianRomer
EditorialProjectManager:MichelleFisher
ProductionProjectManager:SujathaThirugnana
Sambandam
CoverDesigner:GregHarris
TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India
Contents
Preface xi
Part I
The Link Between Trade and Transportation
1. Trade and transportation relationship 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Therelationshipbetweentradeandthetransportationsystem 5
1.3 NorthAmericantransportationsystem 14
1.3.1 WaterwaysinNorthAmerica 15
1.3.2 RailwaysinNorthAmerica 16
1.3.3 RoadsinNorthAmerica 17
1.3.4 NorthAmericangateways 18
1.4 Europeantransportationsystem 21
1.4.1 RoadsintheEuropeanUnion 22
1.4.2 RailwaysintheEuropeanUnion 22
1.4.3 InlandwaterwaysintheEuropeanUnion 25
1.4.4 PortsintheEuropeanUnion 27
1.5 Organizationofthisbook 30
References 30
Part II
Trade and Transportation in North America
2. Trade evolution in North America 35
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 NorthAmericaFreeTradeAgreementtariffsandtimeline 36
2.3 NorthAmericaFreeTradeAgreementsideagreementson
laborandtheenvironment 37
2.4 NorthAmericaFreeTradeAgreementrenegotiationand
potentialimplicationsfortransportation 40
2.4.1 Autoindustry 40
2.4.2 Canada’sdairyindustry 40
2.4.3 Technologicalcompaniesandonlinetrade 40
2.4.4 Steelandaluminumtariffs 41
v
vi Contents
2.5 GlobalandNorthAmericaFreeTradeAgreementtrade 41
2.5.1 Globaltrade 41
2.5.2 TradeintheNorthAmericaFreeTradeAgreementBloc 43
2.6 China’stradeevolution 45
2.6.1 China’stradewiththeworld 45
2.6.2 US(cid:1)Chinatrade 46
2.7 ImpactsofoffshoringandnearshoringinNorthAmericanFree
TradeAgreementtrade 53
References 55
3. US(cid:1)Canada and US(cid:1)Mexico trade demand 57
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 US(cid:1)Canadatrade 57
3.2.1 US(cid:1)Canadatradebytruck 61
3.2.2 US(cid:1)Canadatradebyrail 67
3.2.3 US(cid:1)Canadatradebyvessel 70
3.3 US(cid:1)Mexicotrade 70
3.3.1 US(cid:1)Mexicotradebytruck 73
3.3.2 US(cid:1)Mexicotradebyrail 77
3.3.3 US(cid:1)Mexicotradebyvessel 80
3.3.4 USimportsbytruckandrail 81
3.4 KeyNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreementsupplychains 81
3.4.1 Autoindustry 83
3.4.2 Agricultureandfoodsproducts 88
3.4.3 Energy 92
References 94
4. Cross-border transportation infrastructure in North
America (transportation supply) 97
4.1 Introduction 97
4.2 RoadwaysysteminCanada 98
4.2.1 CanadianAsia(cid:1)Pacificgatewayandcorridorstrategy 98
4.2.2 CanadianOntario(cid:1)QuebecContinentalGateway
strategy 100
4.2.3 Canada’sAtlanticgatewayandtradecorridorstrategy 101
4.2.4 Canada’shighwayfunding 101
4.3 RoadwaysystemintheUnitedStates 104
4.3.1 NationalHighwaySystemintheUnitedStates 104
4.3.2 TheUnitedStatesNationalHighwayFreightNetwork 104
4.3.3 HighwayfundingintheUnitedStates 107
4.4 RoadwaysysteminMexico 109
4.4.1 HighwayclassificationinMexicoforfreightmovement 109
4.4.2 HighwaycorridorsinMexico 111
4.4.3 HighwayfundinginMexico 112
Contents vii
4.5 Summary:NorthAmericanhighwaysystems 113
4.6 RailroadsinNorthAmerica 114
4.6.1 Railroadclassification 114
4.7 Landbordercrossings 117
4.7.1 US(cid:1)Canadabordercrossingsinfrastructure 117
4.7.2 US(cid:1)Canadarailcrossings 121
4.7.3 US(cid:1)Mexicobordercrossingsinfrastructure 123
4.7.4 US(cid:1)Mexicorailbordercrossings 128
4.8 StakeholdersintheNorthAmericanbordercrossing
environment 130
4.8.1 Federalcustomsagencies 130
4.8.2 Federalandlocaltransportationagencies 130
4.8.3 Bordercrossingoperators 131
4.8.4 Privatesectorcarriers,customsbrokers,andlogistics
operators 131
4.8.5 Otherorganizations 132
4.9 Bordercrossingprocesses 132
4.9.1 MexicototheUScommercialvehiclecrossingprocess 133
4.9.2 UStoMexicocommercialvehiclecrossing 135
4.9.3 MexicotoUSprivatelyownedvehiclecrossingprocess 135
4.9.4 UStoMexicoprivatelyownedvehiclecrossingprocess 135
4.9.5 Canada(cid:1)USbordercrossingprocesses 136
4.10 Trustedtravelerandtradeprograms 136
4.10.1 FASTprogram 136
4.10.2 Passengervehiclebordercrossingsecurityprograms 136
4.10.3 Unifiedcargoprocessing 137
4.11 Bordercrossinginfrastructuredevelopmentprocess 140
4.11.1 USpresidentialpermit 140
4.11.2 Step1:Projectcategorization 141
4.11.3 Step2:Applicationrequirements 141
4.11.4 Step3:Environmentalreview 142
4.11.5 Step4:Agencyreviewandpubliccomment 142
4.11.6 Step5:Nationalinterestdeterminationandpermit
issuance 142
4.12 Bordercrossinginfrastructurefundingmechanisms 142
References 144
Part III
Trade and Transportation in Europe
5. Trade and transportation evolution in the European
Union 149
5.1 DescriptionofhowtheEuropeanUnionevolvedfromthe
originalfoundingmemberstocurrentstatus 149
5.1.1 AbriefhistoryoftheEuropeanUnion 149
5.1.2 Decision-makingatEuropeanUnionlevelandthe
Europeaninstitutionsinvolved 151
viii Contents
5.1.3 TypesoflegalactsproposedbytheEuropean
Commission 154
5.1.4 TypesofpowersgrantedtotheEuropeanUnionon
policy-makingdecisions 154
5.1.5 FinancialsupporttoEuropeanUnionpolicy
implementation:themultiannualfinancialframework 155
5.2 Internalandexternaltradepolicydevelopmentsandimpacts
onthetransportationsystem 157
5.2.1 EvolutionoftheEuropeanUniontradepolicy 157
5.2.2 TypesofEuropeanUniontradeagreements 158
5.2.3 EuropeanUniontradeagreementnegotiationprocess 159
5.2.4 Transportpolicyandtrade 160
5.2.5 Today’scontext 161
5.3 EuropeanUniontradeagreements,shapingtraderelations
withnon-EuropeanUnioncountries 162
5.3.1 Customsunion,theinternalmarketandfreetrade
areasinEurope 163
5.3.2 MultilateralfreetradeareasinEurope 164
5.3.3 Bi-lateralEuropeanUnionfreetradeagreements 165
5.3.4 Unilateraltradeagreements 169
References 178
6. Trade demand in the European Union 181
6.1 Introduction 181
6.2 InternalandexternalEuropeanUniontrade 182
6.3 Intra-EuropeanUniontrade 185
6.3.1 Intra-EuropeanUniontradebyMemberState 186
6.3.2 Intra-EuropeanUniontradebyproducttype 187
6.4 Extra-EuropeanUniontrade 195
6.4.1 Extra-EuropeanUniontradebyMemberState 199
6.4.2 Extra-EuropeanUniontradebyproducttype 202
6.5 EuropeanUniontradebymodeoftransport 205
6.5.1 Extra-EuropeanUniontradebymode 205
6.5.2 InlandEuropeanUnionfreighttransport 208
6.6 MajorEuropeansupplychains 210
Datasources 213
References 213
7. Transportation corridor infrastructure planning and
funding in the European Union 215
7.1 TransportnetworkdevelopmentinEurope 215
7.2 TheTrans-EuropeanTransportNetworks 217
7.3 Corenetworkcorridors 220
7.3.1 Atlanticcorridor 221
Contents ix
7.3.2 Baltic(cid:1)Adriaticcorridor 223
7.3.3 Mediterraneancorridor 225
7.3.4 NorthSea(cid:1)Balticcorridor 227
7.3.5 NorthSea(cid:1)Mediterraneancorridor 229
7.3.6 Orient(cid:1)EastMedcorridor 231
7.3.7 Rhine(cid:1)Alpinecorridor 233
7.3.8 Rhine(cid:1)Danubecorridor 235
7.3.9 Scandinavian(cid:1)Mediterraneancorridor 237
7.4 Europeantransportationinfrastructurefundingmechanisms 239
7.4.1 ConnectingEuropefacility 240
7.4.2 Europeanfundforstrategicinvestment 241
7.4.3 Europeanstructuralandinvestmentfunds 242
7.4.4 Horizon2020 243
7.5 Infrastructureconnectivitywithneighboringcountriesand
keytradepartners 243
7.5.1 Europeanneighborhoodpolicy 243
7.5.2 TheEU(cid:1)Chinaconnectivityplatform 245
References 245
Furtherreading 247
Part IV
Trade and Transportation Future Trends
8. Future outlook 251
8.1 Introduction 251
8.2 Disruptivetechnologies 251
8.2.1 Blockchain 252
8.2.2 InternetofThings 252
8.2.3 Additivemanufacturing(three-dimensionalprinting) 253
8.2.4 Automatedvehicles/connectedvehicles 254
8.2.5 Ecommerce 254
8.3 Impactsofdisruptivetechnologiestotradeand
transportationinfrastructuredevelopment 255
8.4 Geopoliticaldevelopments 256
8.5 Conclusion 257
References 258
Index 261