International Handbook of Educational Leadership and Administration: Part1–2

1187 Pages·1996·43.09 MB·English

by  Kenneth Leithwood

llnBRNATIONALHANDBOOKOFEDUCATIONALLEADERSHW
AND ADMINISTRATION
Kluwer International Handbooks of Education
VOLUME 1
International Handbook
of Educational Leadership
and Administration
Part 1
Edited by
Kenneth Leithwood
Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, Canada
Judith Chapman
University ofW estern Australia
David Corson
Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, Canada
Philip Hallinger
Vanderbilt University, U.SA.
Ann Hart
University of Utah, U.S.A.
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN-13: 978-94-010-7203-8 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-1573-2
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-1573-2
Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers,
P.O. Box 17,3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Kluwer Academic Publishers incorporates
the publishing programmes of
D. Reidel, Martinus Nijhoff, Dr W. Junk and MTP Press.
Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada
by Kluwer Academic Publishers,
101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A.
In all other countries, sold and distributed
by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group,
P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 1996 Kluwer Academic Publishers
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1996
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
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retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
Table of Contents
Introduction 1
SECTION 1: THE CONTEXT FOR EDUCATIONAL
LEADERSHIP AND ADMINISTRATION (JUDITH CHAPMAN
- SECTION EDITOR)
CHAPTER 1: A NEW AGENDA FORA NEW SOCIETY 27
The Policy Context: The Learning Society and Knowledge
Economy 27
The Concept of Life Long Learning 27
Provision of Life Long Learning: The Discrepancy Between
Conception and Practice 31
Helping People Start Right on the Journey of Life Long
Learning 33
The Governance, Management and Financing of Schools
and School Systems 33
New Administrative Relationships in Schooling: Autonomy,
Mutuality and the Public Good 36
Schools as Learning Organizations 42
Curriculum 46
Learning and Thinking 48
New Learning Technologies 50
Redefining the Place to Learn 52
The Learning Society and the Education Profession 54
References 57
CHAPTER 2: LA WAND THE COURTS 61
Introduction 61
Sources of Law for Education 62
The Influence of Statute Law 63
The Influence of the Common Law 64
The Influence of the Legal Culture of the Jurisdiction 65
Education, Law and the Courts: Some Examples 67
A Constitutional Issue: State Aid to Denominational Schools 67
Human Rights Legislation and Education 71
v
vi
The Statutory Framework of Education: Authority
and Control 73
Litigation in Education 78
Conclusion 82
Acknowledgement 83
Footnotes 84
CHAPTER 3: EDUCATION AND THE CONCEPT OF
KNOWLEDGE: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE CURRICULUM AND
LEADERSHIP 91
Introduction: The Design and Implementation of Reforms
Conceived to Achieve the Goals of Schooling 91
An Overview of the Chapter 91
Some Key Epistemological Questions and Issues for the
Debate About Curricula in Quality Schools 95
Conceptions of Knowledge 96
Implications for the Education of Leaders 98
Some Recent Approaches to the Construction of Curricula
and the Selection of Curriculum Content 99
Instrumental Education 99
Curriculum Implications 100
Implications for the Education of Leaders 100
'Entitlement' Education 101
Curriculum Implications 102
Implications for the Education of Leaders 102
Liberal Education for Human Rationality 104
Curriculum Implications 105
Implications for the Education of Leaders 106
Common Features of Such Curricula: A Criticism 107
Contrary Views: Subjectivism, Neo-marxism and
Constructivism 108
Implications for Schooling and the Construction of Curricula 110
Constructivism 112
Criticisms of Historicism, Subjectivism and Relativism 113
A Functional Alternative 115
The Need for Reference to Recent Changes and Advances in
Epistemology 116
The Concept of Knowledge 117
Post-empiricist Approaches to Knowledge 119
Examples of Curriculum Problems 121
vii
Towards an Integrative Perspective 122
A Basis for Curriculum Planning in the Democratic School 125
Implications for the Preparation of Educational Leaders 126
The Moral Imperative 128
Conclusion 130
Acknowledgments 131
References 131
CHAPTER 4: DILEMMAS FOR SCHOOL LEADERS AND
ADMINISTRATORS IN RESTRUCTURING 135
The Context of Restructuring 136
Restructuring, School Leaders and a Social Cognitive
Approach to Dilemmas 139
The Nature of Dilemmas: Towards a Conceptualization 141
Dilemmas for School Leaders in Restructuring 145
Leadership, Role and Position (States of Mind) 149
Dilemmas Based on Specific Issues 157
Purposes and Functions of Schooling 157
Structures and Processes 158
Human Resource Management 159
Curriculum, Teaching and Learning 160
Resources 161
School Leader Reactions to Restructuring Dilemmas 162
Developing School Leaders' Framing of Dilemmas 165
Conclusions 167
References 168
CHAPTER 5: EDUCATION REFORM, MANAGEMENT
APPROACHESAND TEACHER UNIONS 171
Introduction 171
General Context 173
Reform and Restructuring: The Context of the Late 20th
Century 178
The Union Response 184
Conclusion 192
References 193
viii
CHAPTER 6: BEYOND THE BOUNDARIES: PRINCIPALS,
PARENTS AND COMMUNITIES SHAPING THE SCHOOL
ENVIRONMENT 195
Introduction 195
Overview: Changing School Environments - Changing
Leadership Roles 196
Empowering Trends for Parents and Communities 199
Parental Empowerment: Beyond Involvement 200
Parental Choice 202
Community School Linked Services 205
Challenges for the Environmental Leader 207
The Principal and the In-school Community 208
Balancing the External Environment 210
The Principal as Link Between the Internal and the
External Environments 213
Summary: Balancing the New School Environment 214
Footnotes 217
References 217
CHAPTER 7: LEADERSHIP IN A CHANGING WORLD 223
The Global Context 223
Shifts at National Government Level 225
Schools and the Labour Market 227
Change is not what it used to be 228
The Rediscovery of Old Values 230
Involving Parents 231
Managing New Forms of Partnership 233
The Self-improving School 236
What do Headteachers do? 237
Leadership for a New Order 242
Back to the Future 246
References 248
ix
SECTION 2: THE DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATIONAL
LEADERSHIP AND ADMINISTRATION (ANN WEAVER
HART - SECTION EDITOR)
CHAPTER 8: NEW DIRECTIONS IN THE PREPARATION OF
EDUCATIONAL LEADERS 251
Introduction 251
A Brief History of University-based Preparation Programs
for School Administrators 252
The Context of Reform in Administrator Preparation
Programs 254
Emerging Trends in the Formal Preparation of Educational
Leaders 257
Responses to Criticisms of Recruitment and Selection
Processes 258
Responses to Criticisms of Program Content 261
Responses to Criticisms of Program Delivery and Standards
of Performance for Students 266
Responses to Criticisms of the Selection, Employment, and
Professional Development of School Administrators 271
Conclusion 272
Footnotes 274
References 274
CHAPTER 9: RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION OF
EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATORS: PRIORITIES FOR
TODA Y'S SCHOOLS 279
Introduction 279
Factors Influencing Administrative Roles 279
Educational Initiatives and Leadership Reconceptualization 280
Student Characteristics 282
Administrator Recruitment 285
Recruitment Information and Applicant Attraction 288
Recruiter Characteristics 292
Applicant Characteristics 294
Administrator Selection 294
Selection Interview Research 295
Administrator Practices 297
Assessment Centres 298
x
Implications for Administrator Selection 300
Conclusions 304
Footnotes 304
References 305
CHAPTER 10: DEVELOPING SUCCESSFUL SCHOOL
LEADERS 309
School Leader Preparation 310
Pre-appointment Emphasis 311
Post-appointment Emphasis 311
Experience Versus Formal Study 314
Professional and Organizational Socialization 314
The Secondary Head Teachers Project 316
Organizational Socialization: Maximizing Benefits 317
Interdependence 320
The School: A Source of Leader Influence 323
Tapping the Power of the Context 324
Stages of Socialization 326
Encounter and Confrontation 326
Accommodation and Integration 328
Stabilization - Educational Leadership and Professional
Actualization 328
Outcomes or Effects 329
Summary and Implications 330
Footnotes 332
References 332
CHAPTER 11: WOMEN'S PLACE IN EDUCATIONAL
ADMINISTRATION: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE 337
Historical Antecedents to Women's Current Place in
Educational Administration 337
Girls' Access to Public Education and Early Women
Administrators 338
Women's Role as School Administrators: The Rise of
Advocacy Groups 340
1920-1970: The Dormant Feminist Movement 341
The Rise of Advocacy for Women in Educational
Administration 343
Women's Place in Educational Leadership Today 344