Interfacing with C++ : programming real-world applications

490 Pages·2006·2.324 MB·English

by  Jayantha Katupitiya, Kim Bentley

Jayantha Katupitiya Kim Bentley
Interfacing with C++
Programming Real-World Applications
ABC
Dr.JayanthaKatupitiya
SeniorLecturer
SchoolofMechanicaland
ManufacturingEngineering
TheUniversityofNewSouthWales
SydneyNSW2052,Australia
Email:[email protected]
Mr.KimBentley
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2005937895
ISBN-10 3-540-25378-5SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork
ISBN-13 978-3-540-25378-5SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork
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Table of Contents
1 GETTING STARTED....................................................................................1
1.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................2
1.2 PROGRAMDEVELOPMENTSOFTWARE............................................................2
1.3 A C++ PROGRAM............................................................................................6
1.4 USE OF FUNCTIONS.......................................................................................10
1.5 FUNDAMENTALDATATYPES........................................................................15
1.6 FUNCTIONS WITH PARAMETERS AND RETURNVALUES...............................18
1.7 SUMMARY.....................................................................................................21
1.8 BIBLIOGRAPHY..............................................................................................22
2 PARALLEL PORT BASICS AND INTERFACING................................23
2.1 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................24
2.2 WHAT IS THE PARALLELPORT?....................................................................24
2.3 DATAREPRESENTATION...............................................................................30
2.4 PROGRAMDEMONSTRATINGHEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL.....................32
2.5 SUMMARY.....................................................................................................33
2.6 BIBLIOGRAPHY..............................................................................................33
3 TESTING THE PARALLEL PORT...........................................................35
3.1 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................36
3.2 INTERFACEBOARDPOWERSUPPLY..............................................................36
3.3 PARALLELPORTINTERFACE.........................................................................39
3.4 BASICOUTPUTUSING THE PARALLELPORT................................................43
3.5 BASICINPUTUSING THE PARALLELPORT....................................................46
3.6 COMPENSATING FOR INTERNALINVERSIONS................................................50
3.7 SUMMARY.....................................................................................................55
3.8 BIBLIOGRAPHY..............................................................................................56
4 THE OBJECT-ORIENTED APPROACH.................................................57
4.1 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................58
4.2 CONCEPTUAL AND PHYSICALLYREALISABLEOBJECTS...............................58
4.3 REAL OBJECTS..............................................................................................59
4.4 OBJECTCLASSES...........................................................................................61
4.5 ENCAPSULATION...........................................................................................63
4.6 ABSTRACTCLASSES......................................................................................64
4.7 CLASSHIERARCHIES.....................................................................................64
4.8 INHERITANCE................................................................................................65
4.9 MULTIPLEINHERITANCE...............................................................................66
4.10 POLYMORPHISM..........................................................................................66
4.11 ANEXAMPLEOBJECTHIERARCHY.............................................................67
4.12 ADVANTAGES OF OBJECT-ORIENTEDPROGRAMMING...............................72
4.13 DISADVANTAGES OF OBJECT-ORIENTEDPROGRAMMING..........................72
4.14 SUMMARY...................................................................................................73
VI TABLE OF CONTENTS
4.15 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................73
5 OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING.................................................75
5.1 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................76
5.2 NAMINGCONVENTION..................................................................................76
5.3 DEVELOPING AN OBJECTCLASS...................................................................77
5.4 PARALLELPORTCLASS– STAGEI................................................................82
5.5 USINGCLASSOBJECTS IN PROGRAMS..........................................................87
5.6 PARALLELPORTCLASS– STAGEII..............................................................94
5.7 PARALLELPORTCLASS– STAGEIII.............................................................99
5.8 SUMMARY...................................................................................................103
5.9 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................103
6 DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION...............................................105
6.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................106
6.2 DIGITAL-TO-ANALOGCONVERSION...........................................................106
6.3 PROGRAMMING THE DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERTER...........................117
6.4 DERIVATION OF OBJECTCLASSES..............................................................121
6.5 ADDINGMEMBERS TO DERIVEDCLASSES..................................................129
6.6 SUMMARY...................................................................................................145
6.7 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................146
7 DRIVING LEDS.........................................................................................147
7.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................148
7.2 ITERATIVE LOOPS........................................................................................148
7.3 BRANCHING.................................................................................................152
7.4 ARRAYS.......................................................................................................157
7.5 POINTERS.....................................................................................................160
7.6 USINGPOINTERS.........................................................................................175
7.7 MACROS......................................................................................................184
7.8 DYNAMICMEMORYALLOCATION..............................................................185
7.9 EXCEPTIONHANDLING...............................................................................189
7.10 SUMMARY.................................................................................................194
7.11 BIBLIOGRAPHY..........................................................................................195
8 DRIVING MOTORS - DC & STEPPER..................................................197
8.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................198
8.2 DC MOTORS................................................................................................198
8.3 STEPPERMOTORS.......................................................................................202
8.4 A CLASSHIERARCHY FOR MOTORS...........................................................211
8.5 VIRTUALFUNCTIONS– ANINTRODUCTION...............................................212
8.6 VIRTUALFUNCTIONS- APPLICATION.........................................................233
8.7 KEYBOARD CONTROLS...............................................................................256
8.8 SUMMARY...................................................................................................270
8.9 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................271
TABLE OF CONTENTS VII
9 PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUES......................................273
9.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................274
9.2 EFFICIENTCODINGTECHNIQUES................................................................274
9.3 MODULAR PROGRAMS................................................................................282
9.4 CASESTUDY- MOTORDRIVERPROGRAM.................................................289
9.5 SUMMARY...................................................................................................302
9.6 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................302
10 VOLTAGE AND TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT........................303
10.1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................304
10.2 CONVERTING A VOLTAGE TO A DIGITAL PULSE-TRAIN...........................304
10.3 TEMPERATUREMEASUREMENT................................................................305
10.4 THEOBJECTCLASSVCO...........................................................................306
10.5 MEASURINGVOLTAGESUSING THE VCO................................................311
10.6 GRAPHICSPROGRAMMING– SQUAREWAVEDISPLAY............................318
10.7 TEMPERATUREMEASUREMENT................................................................324
10.8 SUMMARY.................................................................................................328
10.9 BIBLIOGRAPHY..........................................................................................329
11 ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION................................................331
11.1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................332
11.2 ANALOG-TO-DIGITALCONVERSION.........................................................332
11.3 CONVERSION TECHNIQUES.......................................................................334
11.4 MEASURINGVOLTAGES WITH AN ADC....................................................341
11.5 ANOBJECTCLASS FOR THE ADC.............................................................347
11.6 MEASURINGVOLTAGEUSING THE ADC..................................................356
11.7 MEASURINGTEMPERATUREUSING THE ADC..........................................359
11.8 SUMMARY.................................................................................................362
11.9 BIBLIOGRAPHY..........................................................................................362
12 DATA ACQUISITION WITH OPERATOR OVERLOADING............363
12.1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................364
12.2 OPERATOROVERLOADING........................................................................364
12.3 DATAACQUISITION...................................................................................393
12.4 SUMMARY.................................................................................................397
12.5 BIBLIOGRAPHY..........................................................................................397
13 THE PC TIMER..........................................................................................399
13.1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................400
13.2 PC TIMERSYSTEM....................................................................................400
13.3 PROGRAMMING THE TIMER.......................................................................408
13.4 THEOBJECTCLASSPCTIMER...................................................................409
13.5 MEASUREMENT OF TIME...........................................................................415
13.6 REFLEXMEASUREMENT...........................................................................417
13.7 GENERATING A TIME-BASE......................................................................419
13.8 DATAACQUISITION WITH TIMESTAMP.....................................................423
13.9 SUMMARY.................................................................................................430
13.10 BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................................430
VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPENDIX A - HARDWARE...........................................................................431
CIRCUITCONSTRUCTION..................................................................................432
INTERFACEBOARDBILL OF MATERIALS..........................................................476
APPENDIX B - SOFTWARE............................................................................479
C++ KEYWORDS...............................................................................................480
OPERATORPRECEDENCE..................................................................................481
ASCII CHARACTERSET....................................................................................482
INDEX................................................................................................................483
This Book is Written For…
C++ is considered by many to be among the most widely used and powerful
object-oriented programming language in industry today. This book is for people
who are interested in learning and exploring C++ programming in a fresh and
enjoyable environment where programs are developed to interface with real world
devices. Other people may leave learning C++ for a later time, instead choosing to
interact with various hardware devices by simply running the fully developed
programs supplied with this book.
Many readers may already have acquired some knowledge of C++ programming
but know little about how to interface a computer to physical devices and want to
know more. You might be an engineer, scientist, programmer, technical personnel,
hobbyist, student in a technically related field or someone who is simply interested
in programming and interfacing a computer to perform real activities.
Inside This Book…
C++ programming is approached in a straightforward, practical and simplified
manner using mostly short programs that are clearly explained. You will explore
areas of electronics integral to a wide range of modern technologies using an
interface board specially developed to support all projects described in this book.
The intertwining of C++ programming and electronics knowledge takes place as
we work through interesting and enjoyable real-world projects. These projects
encompass the following topics:
(cid:120)(cid:3) Digital Input and Output.
(cid:120)(cid:3) Analog-to-Digital Conversion and Digital-to-Analog Conversion.
(cid:120)(cid:3) DC Motor and Stepper Motor Control.
(cid:120)(cid:3) Measuring Voltage, Temperature, and Time.
Important concepts are reinforced during the learning and exploration process as
we gradually progress from simple straightforward projects to those that are more
advanced. Projects on the interface board have been developed as independent
modules. This allows readers with C++ programming knowledge to build and play
with whichever projects they wish, in any order.
For those readers who want to know how to manage the development of larger
programs, a chapter has been specially written to cover the process of program
development, demonstrated with the use of a program from an earlier chapter. In
this chapter we cover topics such as coding techniques, generating header files and
building libraries.
X
What is C++?
C++ is a language used to program computers to perform specific tasks. There
exist many other popular programming languages including C, Pascal, FORTRAN,
BASIC, Cobol and Modula II. Computers operate using instructions based on
binary format, i.e. on and off states (or ones and zeros). Programming languages
allow the programmer to use a language similar to that normally written and then
generate computer-based instructions for program execution. Specialised software
is used to manage the task of developing programs; in particular converting the
program written in its programming language to binary form needed by the
computer.
In the recent past the language known as C became very popular and was the most
significant commercially used programming language. The C language was
developed in response to the need for a good programming language to develop the
UNIX operating system. While it is considered a high-level language, it also has
many low-level features. This is of great benefit when programs need to work with
hardware. On the other hand it was also well suited to performing numerical
operations. It can match the capabilities of FORTRAN and Pascal (a language able
to handle complex logic). These are some of the reasons for the popularity of the C
language.
As the size of programs increased, the benefits of being able to reuse millions of
instructions written and assembled by programmers around the world, became
apparent. Soon afterwards the concept of object-oriented programming (OOP) was
born and the C++ language came into being, evolved from C. C++ can be
considered an expanded and better C. In other words, C became a subset of C++.
The programmer could now combine associated data and functions to avoid
inadvertent misuse. The so-called virtual functions in C++ added extra flexibility
allowing decision-making at run time, rather than at compile time. While C++ has
gained all this extra power, it has retained other good features of C such as low-
level bit and byte operations, easy input and output to ports, etc. In today's world,
C++ is the most widely used programming language for sophisticated tasks.
Compiler and Operating System Compatibility
Most programs in this book have been written to carry out some form of interfacing
task. An essential feature of such programs is the ability to read from and write
to the hardware ports. Some operating systems such as DOS, Windows 3.1,
Windows 95/98 allow programs to directly access ports. Other operating systems
such as Windows NT/2000/XP and Linux do not allow direct port access. These
operating systems wil l only allow programs to access ports via a piece of software
known as a device driver that has the necessary privileges to access ports .The
application programs access the ports via the device drivers.
Borland C++ for DOS
Apart from the programs using exception handling (See Chapter 7), all programs in
the textbook can be compiled and linked using Borland C++ without any changes
to generate executable files. All program listings that are to be compiled using
Borland C++ are located in the directory ‘BC++’ on the companion CD.
GNU C++ for Linux
The programs in the textbook have been modified to request the required privileges
to enable them to run under Linux with port access. The modified versions of
programs can be found in the directory ‘GNUC++’ of the companion CD. If a
make file is necessary, it is also included in the appropriate chapter subdirectories
of the directory GNUC++. Graphics programs, keyboard control programs and PC
timer related programs are not available to run under Linux.
Microsoft Visual C++ for Windows
The modified versions of the programs that can be used with Microsoft® Visual
C++ can be found in the directory ‘VC++’ on the companion CD. The programs in
the ‘Win98’ subdirectory can be run under Windows98 without the need of a
device driver. The programs in the ‘Windows’ subdirectory can be run under
Windows NT/2000/XP with the use of WinIO, which will act as the driver. These
programs have been modified to enable them to access the ports through the use of
WinIO. WinIO has not been included in the accompanying CD. Its latest version
can be downloaded from http://www.internals.com/. You must first install WinIO
in order to be able to run the programs in the ‘Windows’ subdirectory. The readers
of this book who use WinIO are bound by the WinIO licensing agreement
published on the web. Graphics programs, keyboard control programs and PC
timer related programs are not available to run under Microsoft® Windows.
1
Getting Started
Inside this Chapter
(cid:120)(cid:3) Developing programs – what is involved?
(cid:120)(cid:3) Writing and running your first C++ program.
(cid:120)(cid:3) Program syntax.
(cid:120)(cid:3) Functions.
(cid:120)(cid:3) Fundamental data types.