Intellectual Property Rights in Agricultural Biotechnology (Biotechnology in Agriculture Series, 28)

327 Pages·2003·1.93 MB·English

by  F. H. Erbisch

Intellectual - Chap 00 Prelims 5/11/03 9:54 am Page i
BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE SERIES
General Editor: Gabrielle J. Persley, The Doyle Foundation, Glasgow, Scotland.
For a number of years, biotechnology has held out the prospect for major advances in agri-
cultural production, but only recently have the results of this new revolution started to reach
application in the field. The potential for further rapid developments is, however, immense.
The aim of this book series is to review advances and current knowledge in key areas
of biotechnology as applied to crop and animal production, forestry and food science. Some
titles focus on individual crop species, others on specific goals such as plant protection or
animal health, with yet others addressing particular methodologies such as tissue culture,
transformation or immunoassay. In some cases, relevant molecular and cell biology and
genetics are also covered. Issues of relevance to both industrialized and developing coun-
tries are addressed and social, economic and legal implications are also considered. Most
titles are written for research workers in the biological sciences and agriculture, but some
are also useful as textbooks for senior-level students in these disciplines.
Editorial Advisory Board:
E.P. Cunningham, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Ireland.
P. Day, Rutgers University, New Jersey, USA.
J.H. Dodds, Attorney at Law/Patent Attorney, Washington, DC, USA.
S.L. Krugman, United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.
I. Morrison, Institute for Animal Health, Compton, UK.
W.J. Peacock, CSIRO, Division of Plant Industry, Australia.
BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE SERIES
Titles Available:
1: Beyond Mendel’s Garden: Biotechnology in the Service of World Agriculture *
G.J. Persley
2: Agricultural Biotechnology: Opportunities for International Development
Edited by G.J. Persley
3: The Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Potato *
Edited by M.E. Vayda and W.D. Park
4: Advanced Methods in Plant Breeding and Biotechnology
Edited by D.R. Murray
5: Barley: Genetics, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
Edited by P.R. Shewry
6: Rice Biotechnology
Edited by G.S. Khush and G.H. Toenniessen
7: Plant Genetic Manipulation for Crop Protection *
Edited by A. Gatehouse, V. Hilder and D. Boulter
8: Biotechnology of Perennial Fruit Crops
Edited by F.A. Hammerschlag and R.E. Litz
9: Bioconversion of Forest and Agricultural Plant Residues
Edited by J.N. Saddler
10: Peas: Genetics, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
Edited by R. Casey and D.R. Davies
Intellectual - Chap 00 Prelims 5/11/03 9:54 am Page ii
11: Laboratory Production of Cattle Embryos
I. Gordon
12: The Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Potato, 2nd edition
Edited by W.R. Belknap, M.E. Vayda and W.D. Park
13: New Diagnostics in Crop Sciences
Edited by J.H. Skerritt and R. Appels
14: Soybean: Genetics, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
Edited by D.P.S. Verma and R.C. Shoemaker
15: Biotechnology and Integrated Pest Management
Edited by G.J. Persley
16: Biotechnology of Ornamental Plants
Edited by R.L. Geneve, J.E. Preece and S.A. Merkle
17: Biotechnology and the Improvement of Forage Legumes
Edited by B.D. McKersie and D.C.W. Brown
18: Milk Composition, Production and Biotechnology
Edited by R.A.S. Welch, D.J.W. Burns, S.R. Davis, A.I. Popay and C.G. Prosser
19: Biotechnology and Plant Genetic Resources: Conservation and Use
Edited by J.A. Callow, B.V. Ford-Lloyd and H.J. Newbury
20: Intellectual Property Rights in Agricultural Biotechnology
Edited by F.H. Erbisch and K.M. Maredia
21: Agricultural Biotechnology in International Development
Edited by C. Ives and B. Bedford
22: The Exploitation of Plant Genetic Information: Political Strategies in Crop
Development
R. Pistorius and J. van Wijk
23: Managing Agricultural Biotechnology: Addressing Research Program Needs and
Policy Implications
Edited by J.I. Cohen
24: The Biotechnology Revolution in Global Agriculture: Innovation, Invention and
Investment in the Canola Industry
P.W.B. Phillips and G.G. Khachatourians
25: Agricultural Biotechnology: Country Case Studies – a Decade of Development
Edited byG.J. Persley and L.R. MacIntyre
26: Biotechnology and Sustainable Development: Voices of the South and North
Edited by I. Serageldin and G.J. Persley
27: Laboratory Production of Cattle Embryos, 2nd edition
I. Gordon
28: Intellectual Property Rights in Agricultural Biotechnology, 2nd edition
F.H. Erbisch and K.M. Maredia
* Out of print
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Intellectual Property Rights in
Agricultural Biotechnology
Second Edition
Edited by
F.H. Erbisch
Director, Office of Intellectual Property, Retired
Adjunct Professor
Institute of International Agriculture
Michigan State University
USA
and
K.M. Maredia
Professor
Institute of International Agriculture
Michigan State University
USA
CABI Publishing
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CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International
CABI Publishing CABI Publishing
CAB International 875 Massachusetts Avenue
Wallingford 7th Floor
Oxon OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139
UK USA
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Website: www.cabi-publishing.org
© CAB International 2004. All rights reserved.No part of this
publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means,
electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright
owners.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library,
London, UK.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Intellectual property rights in agricultural biotechnology /edited by
F.H. Erbisch and K.M. Maredia.--2nd ed.
p. cm. -- (Biotechnology in agriculture series ; 28)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-85199-739-2 (alk. paper)
1. Agricultural biotechnology--Patents. 2. Agricultural
biotechnology--Law and legislation. I. Erbisch, Frederic H. II.
Maredia, Karim M. III. Title IV. Series.
K1519.V54I58 2004
333.95(cid:2)316--dc21
ISBN 0 85199 739 2 2003009874
Typeset in 10/12pt Palatino by Columns Design Ltd, Reading
Printed and bound in the UK by Cromwell Press, Trowbridge
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Contents
Contributors vii
Preface to the Second Edition ix
Preface to the First Edition xi
Acknowledgements xiii
Acronyms and Abbreviations xv
Part I: Issues and Principles
1. Introduction to Intellectual Properties 1
Brian L. Smiler and Frederic H. Erbisch
2. Acquiring Protection for Improved Germplasm and Inbred
Lines 23
John H. Barton
3. Transferring Intellectual Properties 37
Andrew J. Fischer and Frederic H. Erbisch
4. Capacity Building in Intellectual Property Management in
Agricultural Biotechnology 57
Karim M. Maredia and Frederic H. Erbisch
5. Plant Variety Protection in the USA 73
Janice M. Strachan
6. Farmers’ Rights Over Plant Genetic Resources in the South:
Challenges and Opportunities 95
Kirit K. Patel
v
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vi Contents
7. Economic Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights in Agricultural
Biotechnology 107
Mywish K. Maredia, James F. Oehmke and Derek Byerlee
Part II: Country and Regional Case Studies
8. Egypt 125
Atef El-Azab
9. South Africa 135
Rosemary A. Wolson
10. Australia 159
Michael Blakeney
11. China 173
Tan Loke-Khoon
12. Issues on Intellectual Property Rights Associated with
AgroBiotechnology in Japan 187
Kazuo N. Watanabe and Atushi Komamine
13. India 201
Prabuddha Ganguli
14. Intellectual Property Rights in the Russian Federation 227
Terry A. Young and Dmitri Shulgin
15. Andean Pact Countries of Latin America 241
Walter R. Jaffé and Elinor Arteaga-Marcano
16. Costa Rica 251
Silvia Salazar
17. European Union 261
R. Stephen Crespi
18. Indonesia 279
Tantono Subagyo
19. Exercising Intellectual Property Rights Management in Brazil:
Research, Technology Transfer and Agribusiness After TRIPS 289
Maria José Amstalden Sampaio, Margareth Maia de Rocha and
Elza Angela B. Brito da Cunha
Index 303
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Contributors
Elinor Arteaga-Marcano, Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología, Edf.
Maploca, Av. Principal de los Cortijos, Caracas, Venezuela.
John H. Barton, George E. Osborne Professor of Law, Stanford
University, Crown Quadrangle, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
Michael Blakeney, Director, Queen Mary Intellectual Property Research
Institute, Queen Mary College, University of London, Mile End
Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
Derek Byerlee, Rural Development Department, The World Bank,
1818H. St NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA.
R. Stephen Crespi,Patent Consultant, 16 Kenlegh, Bognor Regis PO21 3TS,
UK.
Elza Angela B. Brito da Cunha, Brazilian Agricultural Research
Corporation (Embrapa), Intellectual Property Secretariat (SPRI),
Brasilia, Brazil.
Margareth Maia de Rocha,Industrial Property National Institute (INPI),
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Atef El-Azab, Counsellor, Academy of Scientific Research and
Technology, 18 El-Mesaha Square, Dokki 12311, Giza, Egypt.
Frederic H. Erbisch, Consultant and Adjunct Professor, Institute of
International Agriculture, 319 Agriculture Hall, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1325, USA.
Andrew J. Fischer, Patent Examiner, US Patent and Trademark Office,
Washington, DC, USA.
Prabuddha Ganguli, Advisor, VISION-IPR, 103B Senate, Lokhandwala
Township, Akurli Road, Kandivli East, Mumbai 400101, India, and
vii
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viii Contributors
Adjunct Professor, S.J.M. School of Management, Indian Institute of
Technology, Mumbai, India.
Walter R. Jaffé, Agroecológica Platom C.A., Calle Paguey, Qta. Irazú, La
Trinidad, Caracas, Venezuela.
Atushi Komamine,Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Tokyo, Japan.
Tan Loke-Khoon, Baker & McKenzie, 14th Floor, Hutchinson House, 10
Harcourt Road, Hong Kong.
Karim M. Maredia, Institute of International Agriculture, 416 Plant and
Soil Science Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
48824-1325, USA.
Mywish K. Maredia, Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1039, USA.
Kirit K. Patel, Vavilov-Frankel Fellow (2002), Department of Sociology
and Anthropology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1,
Canada.
James F. Oehmke, Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1039, USA.
Silvia Salazar, PO Box 922-3100, Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa Rica.
Maria Jose Amstalden Sampaio, Brazilian Agricultural Research
Corporation (Embrapa), Intellectual Property Secretariat (SPRI),
Brasilia, Brazil.
Dmitri Shulgin, Director of the Intellectual Property Centre, The Urals
State Technical University, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
Brian L. Smiler, Dinsmore & Shohl, L.L.P., One Dayton Center, One
South Main Street, Ste 500, Dayton, OH 45402-2023, USA.
Janice M. Strachan, United States Department of Agriculture, Plant
Variety Protection Office, National Agricultural Library Building,
Room 400, 10301 Baltimore Avenue, MD 20705-2351, USA.
Tantono Subagyo, National Project Director, UNEP-GEF Project for
Development of National Biosafety Framework for Indonesia,
Biosafety Division, Ministry for Environment, J1 Kebun Nanas Kav
24, Building B 4th Floor, Jakarta 13410, Indonesia.
Kazuo N. Watanabe, Gene Research Center & Institute of Biological
Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki
305-8572, Japan, and Institute of Advanced Studies, United Nations
University, Tokyo, Japan.
Rosemary A. Wolson, Intellectual Property Manager, UCT Innovation,
University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South
Africa.
Terry A. Young, Assistant Vice Chancellor for Technology Transfer, The
Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Preface to the Second Edition
The first edition of this book, published in 1998, according to reviews
and comments from others, fulfilled a need in the international commu-
nity that was just beginning to learn the significance of intellectual prop-
erty management. We used the handbook as the basic text in the
internship programme we held at Michigan State University. In addition,
the book has been used in a number of other intellectual property man-
agement internship programmes held at Michigan State University and
elsewhere.
Individually we used the handbook in seminars and other pro-
grammes we were involved with in developing countries throughout
Africa, Asia, Central America and South America. As we were working
with individuals from around the world it became evident that the intel-
lectual property scene was rapidly changing and the ‘Country and
Regional Case Studies’ section of the handbook was becoming very
dated. The developing countries we were interacting with were passing
new legislation and enacting new laws, thereby changing the face of the
intellectual property scene and making many of these chapters outdated.
These countries were striving to become TRIPS compliant. It became
very obvious to us that the book needed to be updated. Also, we had
received a number of suggestions for including more in the first section
of the handbook, ‘Issues and Principles’. CAB International’s approval of
our proposal for a second edition was granted and we began to rebuild
the handbook.
In the first section of the second edition of the book we have added a
chapter dedicated to plant variety protection, another chapter to cover
the economic implications of intellectual property management and a
ix