Instrumentation Reference Book

1086 Pages·2003·36.363 MB·English

by  Walt Boyes Principal in Spitzer and Boyes LLC

Referm
Book
Third Edition
Walt Boyes Editor

Instrumentation
Reference
Book

Instrumentation
Reference
Book
Third Edition
Edited by
Walt Boyes
With specialist contributors
w o
~ LT TJ E R R T H
E I N E M A N N
Boston Oxford Johannesburg
Melbourne New Delhi Singapore
Copyright 0 2003 by Elsevier Science
-@
A member of the Reed Elsevier group
All rights reserved.
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Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written,
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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Instrumentation reference book.-3rd ed. /edited by Walt Boyes, with specialist contributions.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7506-7123-8 (acid-free paper)
1. Physical instruments-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Engineering
instruments-Handbooks; manuals, etc. I. Boyes, Walt
QC53.15742002
530’.7 -dc2 1
20020 18480
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States of America
Contents
Preface to the third edition ix 7 Measurement of force 106
Basic concepts. Force measurement methods.
Preface to the second edition x Lever-balance methods. Force-balance methods.
Hydraulic pressure measurement. Acceleration
measurement. Elastic elements. Further
Preface to the first edition xi developments. References.
List of Contributors xii 8 Measurement of density 114
General. Measurement of density using weight.
Int rod L I ct io n xiv Measurement of density using buoyancy. Measurement
of density using hydrostatic head. Measurement of
density using radiation. Measurement of density using
Part 1: Mechanical resonant elements. Further reading.
Measurements
9 Measurement of pressure 123
1 Measurement off flow 3 What is pressure? Pressure measurement. Pressure
Introduction. Basic principles of flow measurement. transmitters. References. Further reading.
Fluid flow in closed pipes. Flow in open channels. Point
velocity measurement. Flowmeter calibration methods. 10 Measurement of vacuum 144
References. Further reading.
Introduction. Absolute gauges. Non-absolute gauges.
2 Measurement of viscosity 45 References.
Introduction. Newtonian and non-Newtonian
behavior. Measurement of the shear viscosity. 11 Particle sizing 154
Shop-floor viscometers. Measurement of the extensional
Introduction. Characterization of particles. Terminal
viscosity. Measurement of viscosity under extremes of
velocity. Optical effects caused by particles. Particle
temperature and pressure. On-line measurements.
shape. Methods for characterizing a group of particles.
Accuracy and range. References. Further reading.
Analysis methods that measure size directly. Analysis
methods that measure terminal velocity. Analysis
3 Measurement of length 53 methods that infer size from some other property.
References. Further reading.
Introduction. The nature of length. Derived
measurements. Standards and calibration of length.
Practice of length measurement for industrial use. 12 Fiber optics in sensor
Automatic gauging systems. References. Further reading.
instrumentation 17
4 Measurement of strain 71 Introduction. Principles of optical fiber sensing.
Interferometric sensing approach. Doppler
Strain. Bonded resistance strain gauges. Gauge anemometry. In-fiber sensing structures.
characteristics. Installation. Circuits for strain gauges. References.
Vibrating wire strain gauge. Capacitive strain gauges.
Surveys of whole surfaces. Photo-elasticity. References.
13 Microprocessor-based
5 Measurement of level and volume 81 and intelligent transmitters 208
Introduction. Practice of level measurement. Introduction. Terminology. Background information.
Calibration of level-measuring systems. Methods Attributes and features of microprocessor-based and
providing full-range level measurement. Methods intelligent transmitters. Microprocessor-based and
providing short-range detection. References. intelligent temperature transmitters. Microprocessor-
based and intelligent pressure and differential
transmitters. Microprocessor-based and intelligent
6 Vibration 92
flowmeters. Other microprocessor-based and intelligent
Introduction. Amplitude calibration. Sensor practice. transmitters. Other microprocessor-based and
Literature. References. Further reading. intelligent measurement systems. Fieldbus. User
vi Contents
experience with microprocessor-based and intelligent indicating instruments. Digital voltmeters and digital
transmitters. Fieldbus function and benefits. References. multimeters. Power measurement. Measurement of
electrical energy. Power-factor measurement. The
Part 2: Measurement of measurement of resistance, capacitance, and inductance.
Digital frequency and periodhie-interval
Temperature and Chemical
measurement. Frequency and phase measurement using
Composition an oscilloscope. References. Further reading.
21 Optical measurements 492
14 Temperature measurement 239
Introduction. Light sources. Detectors. Detector
Temperature and heat. Temperature scales. techniques. Intensity measurement. Wavelength and
Measurement techniques: direct effects. Measurement color. Measurement of optical properties. Thermal
techniques: electrical. Measurement techniques: imaging techniques. References.
thermocouples. Measurement techniques: radiation
thermometers. Temperature measurement 22 Nuclear instrumentation
considerations. References. Further reading. technology 517
Introduction. Detectors. Electronics. References.
15 Chemical analysis:
Further reading.
introduction 303
Introduction to chemical analysis. Chromatography, 23 Measurements employing
Polarography and anodic stripping voltammetry. nuclear techniques 547
Thermal analysis. Further reading.
Introduction. Materials analysis. Mechanical
measurements. Miscellaneous measurements.
16 Chemical analysis: References.
spectroscopy 318
24 Non-destructive testing 566
Absorption and reflection techniques. Atomic
techniques: emission, absorption, and fluorescence. Introduction. Visual examination. Surface-inspection
X-ray spectroscopy. Photo-acoustic spectroscopy. methods. Ultrasonics. Radiography. Underwater
Microwave spectroscopy. Neutron activation. Mass non-destructive testing. Developments. Certification
spectrometers. References. Further reading. of personnel. References. Further reading.
25 Noise measurement 596
17 Chemical analysis:
electrochemical techniques 343 Sound and sound fields. Instrumentation for the
measurement of sound-pressure level. Frequency
Acids and alkalis. Ionization of water. Electrical analyzers. Recorders. Sound-intensity analyzers.
conductivity. The concept of pH. Electrode potentials. Calibration of measuring instruments. The measurement
Ion-selective electrodes. Potentiometry and specific ion of sound-pressure level and sound level. Effect of
measurement. Common electrochemical analyzers. environmental conditions on measurements. References.
Further reading. Further reading.
18 Chemical analysis: gas
analysis 382 Part 4: Instrumentation Systems
Introduction. Separation of gaseous mixtures. Detectors.
Process chromatography. Special gas analyzers. 26 Design and construction
Calibration of gas analyzers. Further reading. of instruments 625
Introduction. Instrument design. Elements of
19 Chemical analysis: moisture construction. Construction of electronic instruments.
measurement 414 Mechanical instruments. References.
Introduction. Definitions. Measurement techniques
27 Instrument installation and
Calibration. References.
commissioning 642
Introduction. General requirements. Storage and
Part 3: Electrical and Radiation protection. Mounting and accessibility. Piping systems.
Cabling. Grounding. Testing and pre-commissioning.
Measurements
Plant commissioning. References.
20 Electrical measurements 425 28 Sampling 648
Units and standards of electrical measurement. Introduction. Sample system components. Typical
Measurement of d.c. and a.c. current and voltage using sample systems. References.
Contents vii
29 Telemetry 666 Part 5: Further Scientific
Introduction. Communication channels. Signal and Technical Information
-
multiolexing. Pulse encoding. Carrier wave modulation.
Error~ dLe tection and correction codes. Direct analog
36 Trigonometric functions and
signal transmission. Frequency transmission. Digital
general formulae 953
signal transmission. References. Further reading.
Mathematical signs and symbols. Trigonometric
formulae. Trigonometric values. Approximations for
30 Display and recording 691 small angles. Solution of triangles. Spherical triangle.
Exponential form. De Moivre's theorem. Euler's
Introduction. Indicating devices. Light-emitting diodes
relation. Hyperbolic functions, Complex variable,
(LEDs). Liquid crystal displays (LCDs). Plasma
Cauchy-Riemann equations. Cauchy's theorem. Zeros;
displays. Cathode ray tubes (CRTs). Graphical
poles, and residues. Some standard forms. Coordinate
recorders. Magnetic recording. Transienthaveform
systems. Transformation of integrals. Laplace's
recorders. Data loggers. References.
equation. Solution of equations. Method of least
squares. Relation between decibels, current and voltage
ratio, and power ratio.
31 Pneumatic instrumentation 710
Basic characteristics. Pneumatic measurement and
control svstems. Princioal measurements. Pneumatic 37 Statistics 96
transmission. Pneumatic controllers. Signal
Introduction. Data presentation. Averages. Dispersion
conditioning. Electropneumatic interface. References.
from the average, Skewness, Combinations and
oermutations. Regression and correlation. Probabilitv.
v
Probability distributions. Sampling. Tests of
32 Reliability in instrumentation significance. Further reading.
and control 734
Reliability principles and terminology. Reliability
assessmenl . System design. Building high-reliability 38 Quantities and units 97
systems. The human operator in control and International unit system. Universal constants in SI
instrumentation. Safety monitoring. Software units. Metric to Imperial conversion factors. Symbols
reliability. Electronic and avionic systems. Nuclear and abbreviations. References.
reactor control systems. Process and plant control.
References.
39 Electricity 79
33 Safety 793 Introduction. Molecules, atoms, and electrons. Atomic
structure. Wave mechanics. Electrons in atoms. Energy
Introduction. Electrocution risk. Flammable levels. Electrons in metals. Conductivity. Electron
atmospheres. Other safety aspects. Conclusion. emission. Electrons in crystals. Insulators.
References. Further reading. Semiconductors. Magnetism. Simplified electrical
theories.
34 History of instrumentation 802
Introduction. Parts of the system. Microsoft Windows. 40 Light 98
Traditional and graphical programming languages. Introduction. The optical spectrum. Basic concepts of
Personal computers for data acquisition (and optical radiation. Radiometry and photometry. Units
instrument control). Other parts of the system. Machine of measurement. Practical measurements. Interaction
vision. Industrial networks and fieldbuses. Personal of light with matter. References. Further reading.
computer buses. New serial buses. Firewire" :
IEEE-1394. Older PC buses. The VXI bus. HS488:
enhancing the IEEE488.1 Specification. Ethernet.
41 Radiation 94
Virtual Instrument Software Architecture (VISA). Inter-
changeable Virtual Instruments (IVI). Real-time program- Electromagnetic radiation. Nuclear radiation. Further
ming. The luture of virtual instrumentation.F urther reading. reading.
35 EMC 861 42 Connectors 999
Introduction. Interference coupling mechanisms. Connector housings. Connector contacts. Connector
Circuits, layout, and grounding. Interfaces. filtering, terminations. Tooling. Mass termination connectors.
and shielding. The regulatory framework. Further Fiber optics connectors. Radio frequency connectors.
reading. References. Further reading.