Insect Resistance Management. Biology, Economics, and Prediction

537 Pages·2014·11.314 MB·English

by  David W. Onstad (Eds.)

INSECT RESISTANCE
MANAGEMENT
INSECT RESISTANCE
MANAGEMENT
Biology, Economics,
and Prediction
Second Edition
Edited by
David W. Onstad
Insect Resistance Management Science,
DuPont Agricultural Biotechnology,
Wilmington, DE, USA
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DEDICATION
To
Dawn Dockter,
my partner in life and science for 25 years,
and Nora and Emma,
who are amazing
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
AnalizaP.Alves
InsectResistanceManagementScience,DuPontPioneer,Johnston,IA
YvesCarrie`re
DepartmentofEntomology,UniversityofArizona,Tucson,AZ
JohnM.Clark
DepartmentofVeterinaryandAnimalSciences,UniversityofMassachusetts,
Amherst,MA
J.LindseyFlexner
InsectResistanceManagementScience,DuPontPioneer,Wilmington,DE
PatrickGaffney
DepartmentofStatistics,UniversityofWisconsin,Madison,WI
AaronJ.Gassmann
DepartmentofEntomology,IowaStateUniversity,Ames,IA
JosephE.Huesing
OfficeofAgriculturalResearchandPolicy,BureauforFoodSecurity,U.S.Agencyfor
InternationalDevelopment,USDAARSOIRP,Washington,DC
SarahA.Hughson
DepartmentofEntomology,UniversityofIllinois,Urbana,IL
TerranceM.Hurley
DepartmentofAppliedEconomics,UniversityofMinnesota,St.Paul,MN
LisaM.Knolhoff
Genective,AgReliantGenetics,Champaign,IL
SiHyeockLee
DepartmentofAgriculturalBiotechnology,SeoulNationalUniversity,Seoul,South
Korea
EliLevine
IllinoisNaturalHistorySurvey,PrairieResearchInstitute,UniversityofIllinois,
Champaign,IL
VenuMadhavMargam
RegulatoryScience,DuPontKnowledgeCentre,Turkapally,ShameerpetMandal,Ranga
ReddyDistrict,Hyderabad,AndhraPradesh,India
PaulD.Mitchell
DepartmentofAgriculturalandAppliedEconomics,UniversityofWisconsin,
Madison,WI
xiii
xiv ListofContributors
MarkE.Nelson
InsectResistanceManagementScience,DuPontPioneer,Wilmington,DE
BrettP.Olds
DepartmentofAnimalBiology,UniversityofIllinois,Urbana,IL
DavidW.Onstad
InsectResistanceManagementScience,DuPontPioneer,Wilmington,DE
BarryR.Pittendrigh
DepartmentofEntomology,UniversityofIllinois,Urbana,IL
AnthonyM.Shelton
DepartmentofEntomology,CornellUniversity,Geneva,NY
JosephL.Spencer
IllinoisNaturalHistorySurvey,PrairieResearchInstitute,UniversityofIllinois,
Champaign,IL
BruceH.Stanley
InsectResistanceManagementScience,DuPontPioneer,Wilmington,DE
LauraD.Steele
DepartmentofEntomology,UniversityofIllinois,Urbana,IL
LijieSun
SyntheticBiologyandBioenergy,J.CraigVenterInstitute,SanDiego,CA
KentR.Walters,Jr.
DepartmentofEntomology,UniversityofIllinois,Urbana,IL
FOREWORD
Resistance to pesticides has been with us for at least 100 years now, since
the recognition of resistance to lime sulfur in the San Jose scale in the
state of Washington in 19081. At least through the early 1950s, resistance
was apparently seen by many entomologists as just a curiosity, and no real
threat to the emerging field of integrated control (which later developed
into integrated pest management, IPM).
For example, when I arrived at Mississippi State University in 1981,
I was housed in the Clay Lyle Entomology Building. Lyle was a very
prominent applied entomologist, and reportedly once advised fellow
entomologists that they should collect all of the houseflies they would
ever need for museum specimens because DDT and other insecticides
would drive them extinct. With no disrespect intended for Lyle and so
many others of his time, I studied strains of houseflies in that building, by
1983, that were resistant to every major class of insecticides at the time.
Houseflies were early responders to selection, starting in the 1940s,
but by 1989 there were more than 500 species of insects, mites, or ticks
that had evolved resistance to at least one pesticide somewhere in the
world. At least 20 of these species evolve resistance so frequently that they
remain a challenge to our attempts to manage them cost-effectively.
These “resistance recidivists” include Anopheles mosquitoes, Helicoverpa
armigera (a pest of many food crops in addition to being a major cotton
bollworm), Plutella xylsotella (the diamondback moth, a major pest of cru-
cifer crops), whiteflies such as Bemisia tabaci, the cockroach, Blattella ger-
manica, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (the Colorado potato beetle), stored grain
pests (contributing to some 40% of grain losses in storage in developing
countries), and corn rootworms (Diabrotica spp). Some, such as mosqui-
toes and Helicoverpa, contribute to great human illness and misery, includ-
ing the transmission of malaria and other diseases (still killing more than a
million people a year) and, due to crop damage and desperate financial
circumstances, suicides of farmers in India.
The typical response of pesticide users to the evolution of resistance
by pests is to use more pesticides or switch to more expensive pesticides,
or sometimes to ones that are more environmentally risky. As the global
1 A.L.MelanderCaninsectsbecomeresistanttosprays?J.Econ.Entomol.71914167(cid:1)173
xv
xvi Foreword
agricultural community contemplates increasing crop production by some
70(cid:1)100% to meet the demands of a growing and more affluent human
population, pesticide resistance continues to be a threat to both produc-
tion and the hope of reducing the environmental impacts of agriculture.
Ironically, the broader significance of resistance was perhaps first rec-
ognized not by applied entomologists, but by evolutionary biologists,
thanks to Theodosius Dobzhansky. In his 1937 classic, Genetics and the
Origin of Species, arguably the most influential book of the modern
Darwinian synthesis, Dobzhansky seized upon insecticide resistance to
demonstrate that evolution was occurring in our lifetimes.
The significance of the evolution of resistance for both the study of
evolution and to IPM has been captured in this volume by David Onstad
and the team of leading experts he has orchestrated. Onstad is well placed
to discuss the diversity of evolutionary responses to control tactics in
arthropods due to his own curiosity, the diversity of his own career inter-
ests, and the network he has built across an even wider diversity of biolo-
gists and social scientists.
Onstad and colleagues describe and analyze the evolution of resistance
to a wide range of pesticides (including the diversity of mechanisms and
behavioral modification), conventionally bred and genetically modified
crop varieties, crop rotation, and insect pathogens. In so doing, we are
treated to a broad canvas of population dynamics, landscape processes,
models, toxicology, and economics. We see the complexity and excite-
ment of insect resistance management (IRM), some of the successes and
the continuing challenges, including in regulation and compliance with
IRM strategies.
Resistance has been evolving to plant defenses for millennia, but has
been less well documented than for pesticides. Given that resistance has
been evolving to crop plants selected by humans over at least 40 years, we
can suspect the same was happening to crop varieties even in the 1930s,
but escaped attention. Anyone reading this book will now likely be on
the lookout for a wider range of evolutionary responses, especially
wherever the “greater the effectiveness and success of arthropod pest
management.”
In his final chapter, Onstad advises that we should “Always consider
IRM within an IPM framework.” I would add that we must also “Always
consider IPM within an IRM framework.” Not only is IRM part of
IPM, IRM is most interesting and perhaps most powerful when the best
resistance-management tactics are not obvious extensions of IPM.
Foreword xvii
Good IRM is often counterintuitive and runs contrary to some of the
long-held tenants of IPM, such as applying tactics only when and where
needed or on thresholds. The effectiveness and relative durability of high-
expression,pyramided,transgeniccropssuggesttheneedforarethinkofthis
dogma, especially where such varieties have so reduced pesticide use that
theyhaveinturnopenedopportunitiesforenhancedIPMofotherpests.
As suggested above, successful IPM is more important now than ever
if we are to meet global demands for food and public health while reduc-
ing the environmental impacts of agriculture and disease management.
Pesticides should not be the basis of these IPM programs, but we need to
maintain them and other tactics, such as resistant crop varieties, as effec-
tive tools when required.
Whether for crop varieties, crop rotation, or pesticides, this volume
clearly illustrates that IPM programs can fail if we do not also implement
countermeasures for evolution. This is a one-hundred-year-old story,
with abundant lessons that we need to apply more vigorously if we are to
meet the crop production and environmental challenges now before us.
Rick Roush
Melbourne School of Land and Environment,
University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION
By the time we finished writing the chapters, it was obvious that a new
edition of this book with additional knowledge and case studies was
needed to keep pace with the science and the evolving arthropods.
Although the book’s themes remain the same as before, the authors dem-
onstrate that new challenges confront practitioners of insect resistance
management.
I thank the authors of the first edition who volunteered again to
address the important concepts and examples. I am also pleased and
thankful that the new authors agreed to join the group to make the sec-
ond edition even better than the first. Rick Roush, Dean at the
University of Melbourne, was kind enough to write a forward for this
edition that places insect resistance management in a broader context.
Dawn Dockter edited several chapters and helped produce the index (as
she did for the first edition). Bruce Stanley and I thank Stephen Irving
for use of his resistance-monitoring example in Chapter 15. I also thank
the Academic Press and Elsevier staff who led me through the book-
production process one more time.
David Onstad
Agricultural Biotechnology, DuPont Pioneer
Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware
The cover photograph is used with permission from Joseph Spencer
(copyright 2013). It is the shadow of an adult Diabrotica virgifera virgifera
on a corn leaf. The front cover was designed with the help of Emma
Onstad.
xix