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Innovations in Graphene-Based Polymer Composites Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering Innovations in Graphene-Based Polymer Composites Volume Editor Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai Vinod Ayyappan Madhu Gattumane Motappa Suchart Siengchin Editor-in-Chief Professor Costas Soutis Series Editor Professor SureshG. Advani Professor Leif Asp Professor Yuris A.Dzenis Professor Ing. Habil.Bodo Fiedler Professor Adrian Mouritz Professor Chun H.Wang An imprint of Elsevier WoodheadPublishingisanimprintofElsevier TheOfficers’MessBusinessCentre,RoystonRoad,Duxford,CB224QH,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2022ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-12-823789-2 ISBN:978-0-12-823790-8 ForinformationonallWoodheadpublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:MatthewDeans AcquisitionsEditor:GwenJones EditorialProjectManager:JoshuaMearns ProductionProjectManager:KameshRamajogi CoverDesigner:MarkRogers TypesetbySTRAIVE,India Contents Contributors xi 1 Introduction tographene-based materials and their composites 1 AliDehghani,SeyedMohammadLashgari,andBahramRamezanzadeh 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Grapheneand graphene oxide 2 1.3 Preparationofgraphene-containing polymeric composites 9 1.4 Graphene/polymer composite properties 11 1.5 Conclusion 17 References 18 2 Synthesis ofgraphenepolymercomposites having highfillercontent 49 ChristianHarito,SyedZ.J.Zaidi,BudiRizaPutra,AndriHardiansyah, Munawar Khalil, and Brian Yuliarto 2.1 Introduction 49 2.2 One-dimensional fiber 50 2.3 Two-dimensional film 53 2.4 Three-dimensional foam 55 2.5 Conclusions 57 References 57 3 Graphene-based polymercomposites for flame-retardant application 61 XinWang, WenwenGuo, WeiCai, and Yuan Hu 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 Flame-retardant property ofgraphene 62 3.3 Preparationofgraphene-based flame retardants 62 3.4 Applicationofgraphene-based flame retardants inpolymer composites 65 3.5 Flame-retardant mechanism of graphene 79 3.6 Summary 80 References 81 vi Contents 4 Structural analysis of graphene-based composites 91 Athul Joseph,VinyasMahesh, Vishwas Mahesh, and Dineshkumar Harursampath 4.1 Introduction 91 4.2 Static analysis 94 4.3 Transient/dynamic analysis 96 4.4 Vibrationanalysis 100 4.5 Buckling and postbucklinganalysis 104 4.6 Effect ofenvironmental variablesand postprocessing parameters 107 4.7 Conclusions andfuture prospects 111 Acknowledgments 112 References 112 5 Graphene-basedpolymercoatings 121 Shatakshi Verma, S.Mohanty, andS.K.Nayak 5.1 Introduction 121 5.2 Graphite/graphene-based polymer coatings 123 5.3 Graphene oxide-based polymer coatings 126 5.4 Conclusion and future outlook 130 References 130 6 Graphene-reinforced polymericmembranes for water desalination and gas separation/barrier applications 133 Akarsh Verma, Avinash Parashar, andAdri C.T. van Duin 6.1 Introduction 133 6.2 2D nanomaterials 135 6.3 Ionized polymers 151 6.4 Conclusions 153 Acknowledgments 153 Declarationofcompeting interest 153 References 154 7 Modeling and simulation ofgraphene-basedcomposites 167 Akarsh Verma, Naman Jain, andSushanta K. Sethi 7.1 Introduction 167 7.2 Characterizing techniques 168 7.3 Atomistic simulations tocharacterize the graphene-polymer nanocomposites 175 7.4 Conclusion and future prospects 187 Acknowledgments 188 References 188 Contents vii 8 Graphene-based polymernanocomposites inbiomedical applications 199 Niloofar Eslahi,Roya Lotfi, Nooshin Zandi, Mozhdeh Mazaheri, Foad Soleimani,andAbdolreza Simchi 8.1 Introduction 199 8.2 Fabrication ofpolymer-graphene nanocomposites 200 8.3 Properties ofpolymer-graphene nanocomposites 203 8.4 Biomedical applications ofpolymer-graphene nanocomposites 211 8.5 Future perspective 231 8.6 Conclusions 232 References 232 9 3D printing ofgraphenepolymer composites 247 RoyaLotfi, Niloofar Eslahi, Morvarid Koohkhezri, andHesam Moghadasi 9.1 Introduction 247 9.2 3D printing methods for graphene-basedcomposites 248 9.3 Printable graphene-based polymeric nanocomposite 254 9.4 Applications 262 9.5 Conclusions andprospects 269 References 270 10 Dielectric properties of graphene polymer blends 283 ChatchaiPutson, Ardian AgusPermana, AhamadSalea, Kunthisa Jehlaeh, and SuphitaChaipo 10.1 Introduction 283 10.2 Materialsand preparation method 284 10.3 Dielectricproperties and ACconductivity 285 10.4 Enhanceddielectric properties of graphene composite films byelectron beam irradiation 293 10.5 P-E loop/energyefficiency 300 10.6 Electrical breakdown strength (E ) 303 b 10.7 Conclusion 305 Acknowledgments 305 References 305 11 Graphene-based polymercompositefilms 309 Na Li,Ran Wang, Lexin Zhang, Jingxin Zhou, and Tifeng Jiao 11.1 Introduction 309 11.2 Differenttypes ofgraphene-based composite membranes 310 11.3 Conclusion andcomment 326 11.4 Future perspectives 326 Acknowledgments 327 References 327 viii Contents 12 Modeling and prediction oftribological properties ofpolyetheretherketone compositereinforced withgraphene and titaniumpowder using artificialneural network 333 Mohamed Zakaulla 12.1 Introduction 333 12.2 Experimental procedure 335 12.3 Configuration of artificialneural network 335 12.4 Structure of database 335 12.5 ANN evaluation and optimization 337 12.6 Results anddiscussion 341 12.7 Conclusions 349 References 349 13 Graphenepolymer foamsandsponges’ preparation and applications 353 Hooman Abbasi, Marcelo Antunes, and Jose(cid:1)IgnacioVelasco 13.1 Introduction 353 13.2 Applications 363 13.3 Conclusion 368 References 368 14 Graphene-basedpolymercomposites for photocatalytic applications 377 Thien-Phap Nguyen and PhilippeLe Rendu 14.1 Introduction 377 14.2 Principle ofphotocatalysis 378 14.3 Titaniumdioxide semiconductors 385 14.4 Conjugated systems 393 14.5 Graphene inphotocatalysis 408 14.6 Conclusion 424 References 426 15 Effect ofgraphenestructure, processing method, and polyethylene type on the thermal conductivity ofpolyethylene-graphene nanocomposites 433 A.U. Chaudhry, AbdelnasserMabrouk, andAhmed Abdala 15.1 Introduction 433 15.2 Experimental 434 15.3 Methodology 434 15.4 Characterization 435 15.5 Results anddiscussion 436 15.6 Effect ofmelt blending extrusionspeed 436 15.7 Effect ofgraphene loadingand PE type 436 15.8 Effect ofprocessing method 436 15.9 Effect ofsolutionprocessing technique 437 Contents ix 15.10 Effect of C/O ratio and surface area ofgraphene 438 15.11 Conclusions 442 Acknowledgment 442 References 442 16 Functionalization ofgraphenecomposites usingionic liquids and applications 445 MohammadDashti Najafi, Elaheh Kowsari, Seeram Ramakrishna, andRaoufAliAkbari 16.1 Introduction 445 16.2 Functionalization ofgraphene composites with IL-based materials 446 16.3 Variousapplications ofIL-GO composites inenergy storage devices 449 16.4 Other applications 453 16.5 Conclusions 456 Acknowledgment 456 References 457 17 3D printing ofgraphene-basedcomposites and their applications inmedicine and health care 463 Saeideh Kholghi Eshkalak,Elaheh Kowsari, andSeeramRamakrishna 17.1 Introduction 463 17.2 Graphene-based composites 464 17.3 3D printing 466 17.4 Applications inmedicine and health care 470 17.5 Conclusion 476 References 476 18 Graphene/polymer compositemembranes for vanadium redox flowbattery applications 487 Haixia Wang, PenghuaQian,Lei Zhang, andHaifeng Shi 18.1 Introduction 487 18.2 Functionalized GO derivatives 488 18.3 Properties ofgraphene/polymer composite membranes 496 18.4 Conclusion 513 References 514 19 Free vibration analysis ofmicroplates reinforced with functionallygraded graphene nanoplatelets 521 Elyas Mohammad-Rezaei Bidgoli and Mohammad Arefi 19.1 Introduction 521 19.2 Modifiedstraingradient formulation 524 19.3 Kinematic andconstitutive relations 528