India As a Pioneer of Innovation PDF
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Title Pages India as a Pioneer of Innovation Harbir Singh, Ananth Padmanabhan, and Ezekiel J. Emanuel Print publication date: 2017 Print ISBN-13: 9780199476084 Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: April 2018 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780199476084.001.0001 Title Pages Harbir Singh, Ananth Padmanabhan, Ezekiel J. Emanuel (p.i) India as a Pioneer of Innovation (p.ii) (p.iii) India as a Pioneer of Innovation (p.iv) Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries. Published in India by Oxford University Press 2/11 Ground Floor, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002, India © Oxford University Press 2017 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted. First Edition published in 2017 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in Page 1 of 2 Title Pages a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. ISBN-13: 978-0-19-947608-4 ISBN-10: 0-19-947608-X Typeset in Dante MT Std 10.5/14.5 by The Graphics Solution, New Delhi 110 092 Printed in India by Replika Press Pvt. Ltd Access brought to you by: Page 2 of 2 Tables and Figures India as a Pioneer of Innovation Harbir Singh, Ananth Padmanabhan, and Ezekiel J. Emanuel Print publication date: 2017 Print ISBN-13: 9780199476084 Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: April 2018 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780199476084.001.0001 (p.vii) Tables and Figures Harbir Singh, Ananth Padmanabhan, Ezekiel J. Emanuel Tables 3A.1 Institutional Voids Addressed by NH Initiatives 52 4.1 Top 10 Business Groups in India as of 2012 61 5A.1 List of Molecules Used for Demand-side Analysis 97 5A.2 Number of Firms by States: 2007–13 98 5A.3 Sales of Large Molecule Drugs across India: 2007–12 100 5A.4 Quantity Models—Firm Heterogeneity Based on Domestic/ Multinational Firms 104 5A.5 Quantity Models—Firm Heterogeneity Based on Entry Timing 105 5A.6 Quantity Models—Firm Heterogeneity Based on Headquarters/ Location 106 5A.7 Pricing Equations—Firm Heterogeneity Based on Domestic/ Multinational Firms 108 5A.8 Firm-level Ability to Launch Product Variety 110 Figures 3.1 NH Social Initiatives 51 4.1 Indian Business Groups—Growing Investments in R&D and Technology 62 4.2 Innovation Culture—Tata InnoVista Awards to Celebrate Innovation 65 (p.viii) 5.1A Biosimilars by Indian Firms 78 5.1B Average Duration of US Patent Approval 78 5.1C Year-wise US Patent Approval of Biosimilars 79 5.1D Global Patents by Indian Large Molecule Players 79 5.1E Annual Average Number of Inventors in US Patents 80 5.1F Number of Publications on Biosimilars 81 5.1G Annual Average Number of Claims in US Patents 81 Page 1 of 2 Tables and Figures 5.2 Revenue Generated during 2008 and 2012 94 5A.1 Total Quantity of Sales of Large Molecules across Therapeutic Markets 102 Access brought to you by: Page 2 of 2 Abbreviations India as a Pioneer of Innovation Harbir Singh, Ananth Padmanabhan, and Ezekiel J. Emanuel Print publication date: 2017 Print ISBN-13: 9780199476084 Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: April 2018 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780199476084.001.0001 (p.ix) Abbreviations Harbir Singh, Ananth Padmanabhan, Ezekiel J. Emanuel AIADMK All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome AIM Atal Innovation Mission AIOCD All India Organisation of Chemists and Druggists AIS Agricultural Innovation Systems ASHA Accredited Social Health Activist ATL Atal Tinkering Laboratory ATM Automated Teller Machine BAIF Bhartiya Agro Industries Foundation BBMP Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike BG Business Group bn billion BPL Below Poverty Line CCU Page 1 of 5 Abbreviations Coronary Care Unit CHW Community Health Worker COIN Co-Innovation CRISPR Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats CT Computerized Tomography CTO Chief Technology Officer DFID Department for International Development DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid ECG Electrocardiogram EMRI Emergency Management and Research Institute EPO European Patent Office ESRC Economic and Social Research Council EU European Union (p.x) FDA Food and Drug Administration G2C Government-to-Citizen GDP Gross Domestic Product GEC Group Executive Council GEO Group Executive Office GP General Practitioner HLFPPT Hindustan Latex Family Planning Promotion Trust HR Human Resources I4M Innovations for the Millions IBRD Page 2 of 5 Abbreviations International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICT Information and Communication Technology IIMA Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad IIT Indian Institute of Technology IP Intellectual Property IPR Intellectual Property Right ISRO Indian Space Research Organisation IT Information Technology JCI Joint Commission International JSS Jan Swasthya Sahyog km kilometre KSPCB Karnataka State Pollution Control Board KYC Know Your Customer LED Light-emitting Diode MBBS Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MD Doctor of Medicine MFIN Microfinance Institutions Network MHUPA Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology MoUD Ministry of Urban Development MRP Market-to-Retail Price MSE Micro and Small Enterprise NCD Page 3 of 5 Abbreviations Non-communicable Disease NEFT National Electronic Fund Transfer NGO Non-governmental Organization NH Narayana Health NHSRC National Health Systems Resource Centre (p.xi) NIH National Institutes of Health NITI Aayog National Institution for Transforming India NRHM National Rural Health Mission NSDC National Skill Development Corporation OLS Ordinary Least Squares P&G Proctor & Gamble PPP Public–Private Partnership PRADAN Professional Assistance for Development Action PRS Passenger Reservation System R&D Research and Development rDNA Recombinant DNA RMP Registered Medical Practitioner RSBY Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana SCALE-UP Slum Communities Achieving Liveable Environments with Urban Partners SEARCH Society for Education, Action, and Research in Community Health SETU Self Employment and Talent Utilization SKU Stock-keeping Unit Page 4 of 5 Abbreviations SNCU Special Newborn Care Unit STD PCO Subscriber Trunk Dialling Public Call Office TCS Tata Consultancy Services TGIFR Tata Group Innovation Forum TNMSC Tamil Nadu Medical Services Corporation TV Television UK United Kingdom UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund US United States USAID United States Agency for International Development VAT Value-added Tax WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization WTO World Trade Organization (p.xii) Access brought to you by: Page 5 of 5 Introduction India as a Pioneer of Innovation Harbir Singh, Ananth Padmanabhan, and Ezekiel J. Emanuel Print publication date: 2017 Print ISBN-13: 9780199476084 Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: April 2018 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780199476084.001.0001 (p.xiii) Introduction Harbir Singh, Ananth Padmanabhan, Ezekiel J. Emanuel Ancient Indian civilizations, particularly the Indus Valley civilization and the Mauryan Empire, have earned widespread recognition and fame for path- breaking innovations in spatial design and significant advances across diverse fields, such as mathematics, science, and astronomy, made during these periods. What is less known is the range and diversity of innovation in modern India. Since economic liberalization in 1991, there has been a surge of innovation in India, driven by entrepreneurs, corporations, and public–private partnerships (PPPs). Former president, Pratibha Patil, declared the decade of 2010–20 the ‘Decade of Innovation’, with a vision of innovation as the engine of inclusive economic growth for all Indians. The National Innovation Council, along with smaller state innovation councils and sector innovation councils, was created to encourage and support innovation across India’s regions and industries. The most visible examples are in the category of ‘frugal innovation’, where a variety of products and services, available around the globe, are offered for a fraction of their cost and of a similar quality. There are other innovations as well, such as the use of economies of scale to drive down cost and develop entirely new business models for services such as wireless telephony. Another area of innovation includes new models of healthcare service and delivery developed for India that have spawned innovations in higher income developed economies. Finally, 2010 onwards, India has witnessed a surge in the technology start-up space, with more than 3,000 of them endeavouring to disrupt traditional models of business across areas as diverse as food delivery, airline ticketing, fashion retail, and competitive exam preparations. There is no better time than now, therefore, to map the innovation space in India, and to understand the background conditions that have spurred on and, at the same time, hindered the innovative potential of (p.xiv) a nation that Page 1 of 9
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