Imaging in Endocrinology

246 Pages·2014·143.762 MB·English

by  Paolo Pozzilli, Andrea Lenzi, Bart L. Clarke, William F. Young Jr.

Imaging in
Endocrinology
PAOLO POZZILLI, ANDREA LENZI, BART L. CLARKE, WILLIAM F. YOUNG JR
e bsi
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Imaging in
Endocrinology
Paolo Pozzilli MD
ProfessorofEndocrinology
Chair,DepartmentofEndocrinologyandDiabetes
UniversityCampusBio-Medico
Rome,Italy;
ProfessorofDiabetesResearch
CentreofDiabetes
TheBlizardInstitute
St.Bartholomew’sandtheLondonSchoolofMedicine
QueenMaryUniversityofLondon
London,UK
Andrea Lenzi MD
ProfessorofEndocrinology
Chair,SectionofMedicalPathophysiology,FoodScience,andEndocrinology
DepartmentofExperimentalMedicine
SapienzaUniversityofRome
PoliclinicoUmbertoI
Rome,Italy
Bart L Clarke MD
AssociateProfessorofMedicine
DivisionofEndocrinology,Diabetes,Metabolism,andNutrition
DepartmentofInternalMedicine
MayoClinicCollegeofMedicine
Rochester,MN,USA
William F Young Jr MD, MSC
Chair,DivisionofEndocrinology,Diabetes,Metabolism,andNutrition
TysonFamilyEndocrinologyClinicalProfessor
ProfessorofMedicine
MayoClinicCollegeofMedicine
Rochester,MN,USA
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Pozzilli,Paolo,author.
Imaginginendocrinology/PaoloPozzilli,AndreaLenzi,BartL.Clarke,William
F.YoungJr.
p.;cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-65627-3(cloth:alk.paper)–ISBN978-1-118-74907-4(epub)–ISBN
978-1-118-74908-1–ISBN978-1-118-74930-2(emobi)–ISBN978-1-118-74931-9(epdf)
I.Lenzi,Andrea,author. II.Clarke,Bart,author. III.Young,WilliamF.,Jr.,1951-author. IV.
Title.
[DNLM:1.EndocrineSystemDiseases–Atlases. 2.DiagnosticImaging–methods–Atlases.
3.MetabolicDiseases–Atlases. WK17]
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1 2014
Contents
AbouttheCompanionWebsite,xii Thyroidcancer,11
Definitionandepidemiology,11
Preface,xiii
Etiologyandpathogenesis,11
Collaborators,xiv Signsandsymptoms,11
Diagnosis,11
Treatment,12
Chapter 1 Thyroid, 1 Illustrations(Figs1.12–1.25),13–21
Hashimoto’sthyroiditis
(chronicautoimmunethyroiditis),1 Chapter 2 Pituitary Gland, 22
Definitionandepidemiology,1
Etiologyandpathogenesis,1 Craniopharyngioma,22
Signsandsymptoms,1 Definition,22
Diagnosis,1 Etiology,22
Treatment,1 Signsandsymptoms,22
Illustrations(Figs1.1–1.4),2–3 Diagnosis,22
Treatment,22
Illustrations(Figs2.1–2.3),23
Graves’disease(Basedow’sdisease),4
Definitionandepidemiology,4
Hypothalamicdysgerminoma,24
Etiologyandpathogenesis,4
Definition,24
Signsandsymptoms,4
Etiology,24
Diagnosis,4
Signsandsymptoms,24
Treatment,4
Diagnosis,24
Illustrations(Figs1.5&1.6),5
Treatment,24
Illustrations(Figs2.4&2.5),24
Subacutethyroiditis
(deQuervain’sthyroiditis),6
Growthhormone-secretingpituitarytumor,25
Definitionandepidemiology,6
Definition,25
Etiologyandpathogenesis,6
Etiology,25
Signsandsymptoms,6
Signsandsymptoms,25
Diagnosis,6
Diagnosis,25
Treatment,6
Treatment,25
Illustration(Fig.1.7),7
Illustrations(Figs2.6–2.10),25–26
Benignthyroidnodules,8 Prolactin-secretingpituitarytumor,27
Definitionandepidemiology,8 Definition,27
Etiologyandpathogenesis,8 Etiology,27
Signsandsymptoms,8 Signsandsymptoms,27
Diagnosis,8 Diagnosis,27
Treatment,8 Treatment,27
Illustrations(Figs1.8–1.11),9–10 Illustrations(Figs2.11–2.13),27–28
v
Contents
Corticotropin-secretingpituitarytumor(Cushing Diagnosis,43
syndrome),29 Treatment,43
Definition,29 Illustrations(Figs2.35–2.37),43–44
Etiology,29
Signsandsymptoms,29 Tumorsmetastatictothepituitary,45
Diagnosis,29 Definition,45
Treatment,29 Etiology,45
Illustrations(Figs2.14–2.16),30 Signsandsymptoms,45
Diagnosis,45
Nelsonsyndrome,31 Treatment,45
Definition,31 Illustrations(Figs2.38&2.39),46
Etiology,31
Signsandsymptoms,31
Diagnosis,31 Chapter 3 Adrenal Gland, 47
Treatment,31
Illustrations(Figs2.17–2.20),31-32 Adrenalincidentaloma,47
Definition,47
Clinicallynonfunctioningpituitarytumors,33 Etiology,47
Definition,33 Signsandsymptoms,47
Etiology,33 Diagnosis,47
Signsandsymptoms,33 Treatment,47
Diagnosis,33 Illustrations(Figs3.1–3.4),48–49
Treatment,33
Illustrations(Figs2.21–2.23),34 Adrenocorticalcarcinoma,50
Definition,50
Primarypituitarycarcinoma,35 Etiology,50
Definition,35 Signsandsymptoms,50
Etiology,35 Diagnosis,50
Signsandsymptoms,35 Treatment,50
Diagnosis,35 Illustrations(Figs3.5–3.8),51
Treatment,35
Illustrations(Figs2.24–2.27),36 Adrenal-dependentCushingsyndrome,52
Definition,52
Pituitarycyst,37 Etiology,52
Definition,37 Signsandsymptoms,52
Etiology,37 Diagnosis,52
Signsandsymptoms,37 Treatment,52
Diagnosis,37 Illustrations(Figs3.9–3.14),53–54
Treatment,37
Illustrations(Figs2.28–2.31),38–39 Classiccongenitaladrenalhyperplasia,55
Definition,55
Nontumorouslesionsofthepituitaryglandand Etiology,55
pituitarystalk,40 Signsandsymptoms,55
Definition,40 Diagnosis,55
Etiology,40 Treatment,56
Signsandsymptoms,40 Illustrations(Figs3.15&3.16),56–57
Diagnosis,40
Treatment,40 Primaryaldosteronism,58
Illustrations(Figs2.32–2.34),41–42 Definition,58
Etiology,58
Pituitaryapoplexy,43 Signsandsymptoms,58
Definition,43 Diagnosis,58
Etiology,43 Treatment,58
Signsandsymptoms,43 Illustrations(Figs3.17&3.18),59–60
vi
Contents
Adrenalvenoussampling,61 Signsandsymptoms,76
Definition,61 Diagnosis,77
Background,61 Treatment,77
ProcedureandkeystosuccessfulAVS,61 Illustrations(Figs4.1–4.5),77–79
InterpretationofAVS,61 Skindiseasesassociatedwithdiabetes,80
Illustrations(Figs3.19&3.20),62 Definition,80
Etiology,80
Primaryadrenalfailure(Addison’sdisease),63 Signsandsymptoms,80
Definition,63 Diagnosis,80
Etiology,63 Treatment,80
Signsandsymptoms,63 Illustrations(Figs4.6&4.7),80–81
Diagnosis,63 Diabeticfoot,81
Treatment,63 Definition,81
Illustrations(Figs3.21–3.23),64 Pathophysiologyandetiology,81
Signsandsymptoms,81
Pheochromocytoma,65 Diagnosis,82
Definition,65 Treatment,82
Etiology,65 Illustrations(Figs4.8–4.22),82–86
Signsandsymptoms,65 Diabeticneuropathy,87
Diagnosis,65 Definition,87
Treatment,65 Etiology,87
Illustrations(Figs3.24–3.30),66–67 Diagnosis,87
Treatment,87
Paraganglioma,68 Illustrations(Figs4.23&4.24),88
Definition,68 Diabeticnephropathy,89
Etiology,68 Definition,89
Signsandsymptoms,68 Etiology,89
Diagnosis,68 Signsandsymptoms,89
Treatment,68 Diagnosis,89
Illustrations(Figs3.31–3.35),69–71 Preventionandtreatment,90
Illustrations(Figs4.25–4.28),90–91
Adrenalinfarction,72 Diabeticretinopathy,92
Definition,72 Definition,92
Etiology,72 Etiology,92
Signsandsymptoms,72 Signsandsymptoms,92
Diagnosis,72 Diagnosis,92
Treatment,72 Treatment,92
Illustrations(Figs3.36&3.37),73 Illustrations(Figs4.29–4.38),93–94
Tumorsmetastatictotheadrenalglands,74 Insulinoma,95
Definition,74 Definition,95
Etiology,74 Etiology,95
Signsandsymptoms,74 Signsandsymptoms,95
Diagnosis,74 Diagnosis,95
Treatment,74 Treatment,95
Illustrations(Figs3.38&3.39),75 Illustrations(Figs4.39–4.42),95–96
Acutepancreatitis,96
Chapter 4 Pancreas, 76 Definition,96
Etiology,96
Diabetes,76 Signsandsymptoms,96
Diabetesandcardiovasculardisease,76 Diagnosis,96
Definitionandpathogenesis,76 Treatment,97
Etiology,76 Illustrations(Figs4.43–4.45),97
vii
Contents
Chronicpancreatitis,98 Etiology,116
Definition,98 Signsandsymptoms,117
Etiology,98 Diagnosis,118
Signsandsymptoms,98 Treatment,118
Diagnosis,98 Illustrations(Figs5.29–5.35),119–120
Treatment,98
Illustrations(Figs4.46–4.48),98–99 Chronickidneydisease,121
Definition,121
Etiology,121
Chapter 5 Bone and Mineral Metabolism, 100 Signsandsymptoms,121
Diagnosis,121
Osteoporosis,100 Treatment,122
Definition,100 Illustrations(Figs5.36–5.40),123–124
Etiology,100
Signsandsymptoms,101 Fibrousdysplasia,125
Diagnosis,101 Definition,125
Treatment,101 Etiology,125
Illustrations(Figs5.1–5.5),101–102 Signsandsymptoms,125
Diagnosis,126
Primaryhyperparathyroidism,103 Treatment,126
Definition,103 Illustrations(Figs5.41–5.47),127–128
Etiology,103
Selectedsclerosingbonedisorders,129
Signsandsymptoms,103
Definition,129
Diagnosis,103
Osteopetrosis,129
Treatment,104
Etiology,129
Illustrations(Figs5.6–5.16),105–108
Signsandsymptoms,129
Diagnosis,130
Hypoparathyroidism,108
Treatment,130
Definition,108
Illustrations(Figs5.48–5.51),131
Etiology,108
Signsandsymptoms,109 Pycnodysostosis,132
Diagnosis,109 Etiology,132
Treatment,110 Signsandsymptoms,132
Illustrations(Figs5.17–5.19),110 Diagnosis,132
Treatment,132
Pseudohypoparathyroidism,111 Illustrations(Figs5.52–5.54),133
Definition,111 Melorheostosis,134
Etiology,111 Etiology,134
Signsandsymptoms,111 Signsandsymptoms,134
Diagnosis,111 Diagnosis,134
Treatment,112 Treatment,134
Illustrations(Figs5.20&5.21),112 Illustrations(Figs5.55&5.56),134
Progressivediaphysealdysplasia
Paget’sdiseaseofbone,113 (Camurati–Engelmanndisease),135
Definition,113 Etiology,135
Etiology,113 Signsandsymptoms,135
Signsandsymptoms,113 Diagnosis,135
Diagnosis,114 Treatment,135
Treatment,114 Illustration(Fig.5.57),136
Illustrations(Figs5.22–5.28),114–116 HepatitisC-associatedosteosclerosis,136
Etiology,136
Osteomalacia,116 Signsandsymptoms,136
Definition,116 Diagnosis,136
viii
Contents
Treatment,136 Hypophosphatasia,153
Illustrations(Figs5.58–5.60),137 Definition,153
FamilialhighbonemassphenotypeduetoLrp5 Etiology,153
mutation,138 Signsandsymptoms,153
Etiology,138 Diagnosis,153
Signsandsymptoms,138 Treatment,154
Diagnosis,138 Illustrations(Figs5.83&5.84),154
Treatment,138
Illustrations(Figs5.61&5.62),138
Chapter 6 Gonads, 155
Erdheim–Chesterdisease,139
Etiology,139
Malegonads,155
Signsandsymptoms,139
Testes,155
Diagnosis,139
Definition,155
Treatment,139
Function,155
Illustrations(Figs5.63–5.65),140
Tests,155
Skeletalfluorosis,141
Treatment,156
Etiology,141
Illustrations(Figs6.1–6.4),156–157
Signsandsymptoms,141
Testicularcancer,158
Diagnosis,141
Definitionandepidemiology,158
Treatment,141
Etiology,158
Illustrations(Figs5.66&5.67),142
Signsandsymptoms,158
Tumoralcalcinosis,143 Diagnosis,158
Definition,143 Treatment,159
Etiology,143 Illustrations(Figs6.5–6.8),159–162
Signsandsymptoms,143 Cryptorchidism,163
Diagnosis,144 Definition,163
Treatment,144 Etiology,163
Illustrations(Figs5.68&5.69),144–145 Signsandsymptoms,163
Diagnosis,163
Osteogenesisimperfecta,145
Treatment,163
Definition,145
Illustrations(Figs6.9&6.10),164–165
Etiology,145
Gynecomastia,166
Signsandsymptoms,145
Definition,166
Diagnosis,147
Etiology,166
Treatment,147
Diagnosis,166
Illustrations(Figs5.70–5.77),148–149
Treatment,167
Otherskeletaldisorders,150 Illustrations(Figs6.11–6.13),167–168
Osteoporosis–pseudoglioma(OPPG)syndrome,150 Klinefeltersyndrome,169
Definition,150 Definition,169
Etiology,150 Etiology,169
Signsandsymptoms,150 Signsandsymptoms,169
Diagnosis,150 Diagnosis,169
Treatment,150 Treatment,169
Illustrations(Figs5.78–5.81),150–151 Illustrations(Figs6.14–6.16),170–172
Hajdu–Cheneysyndrome(hereditaryosteodysplasia Maleinfertility,173
withacro-osteolysis),152 Definition,173
Definition,152 Etiology,173
Etiology,152 Diagnosis,173
Signsandsymptoms,152 Treatment,174
Diagnosis,152 Illustrations(Figs6.17–6.19),174
Treatment,152 Varicocele,175
Illustration(Fig.5.82),152 Definition,175
ix
Contents
Etiology,175 Chapter 7 Mucocutaneous Manifestations
Signsandsymptoms,175 of Endocrine Disorders, 206
Diagnosis,175
Treatment,175 Acanthosisnigricans,206
Illustrations(Figs6.20–6.23),176–177 Definition,206
Etiology,206
Femalegonads,178
Signsandsymptoms,206
Ovary,178
Diagnosis,207
Definition,178
Treatment,207
Function,178
Illustrations(Figs7.1&7.2),207–208
Treatment,179
Illustrations(Figs6.24&6.25),179–180
Acne,209
Ovariancancer,181
Definition,209
Definitionandepidemiology,181
Etiology,209
Etiology,181
Signsandsymptoms,209
Signsandsymptoms,181
Diagnosis,209
Diagnosis,181
Treatment,209
Treatment,182
Illustrations(Figs7.3&7.4),210
Illustrations(Figs6.26–6.30),183–187
Ovariancysts,188 Alopecia,211
Definition,188 Definition,211
Etiology,188 Etiology,211
Signsandsymptoms,188 Signsandsymptoms,211
Diagnosis,188 Diagnosis,211
Treatment,189 Treatment,212
Illustrations(Figs6.31–6.35),189–193 Illustrations(Figs7.5&7.6),213–214
Amenorrhea,194
Definition,194 Cafe´-au-laitmacules,215
Etiology,194 Definition,215
Signsandsymptoms,194 Etiology,215
Diagnosis,194 Signsandsymptoms,215
Treatment,195 Diagnosis,215
Illustrations(Figs6.36–6.39),195–197 Treatment,216
Hyperandrogenisminwomen,198 Illustration(Fig.7.7),216
Definitionandetiology,198
Signsandsymptoms,198 Mucocutaneousneuromas,217
Diagnosis,198 Definition,217
Treatment,198 Etiology,217
Illustrations(Figs6.40–6.42),199–200 Signsandsymptoms,217
Polycysticovarysyndrome,201 Diagnosis,217
Definition,201 Treatment,217
Etiology,201 Illustrations(Figs7.8&7.9),218
Signsandsymptoms,201
Diagnosis,201 Necrolyticmigratoryerythema,219
Treatment,201 Definition,219
Illustrations(Figs6.43–6.45),202–203 Etiology,219
Turnersyndrome,204 Signsandsymptoms,219
Definition,204 Diagnosis,219
Etiology,204 Treatment,219
Signsandsymptoms,204 Illustration(Fig.7.10),219
Diagnosis,204
Treatment,204 Neurofibromas,220
Illustrations(Fig.6.46),205 Definition,220
x
Contents
Etiology,220 Etiology,223
Signsandsymptoms,220 Signsandsymptoms,223
Diagnosis,220 Diagnosis,223
Treatment,220 Treatment,223
Illustrations(Figs7.11–7.13),221–222 Illustrations(Figs7.14–7.16),224–225
Vitiligo,223 Index,227
Definition,223
xi