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diy Science Illustrated Guide to Home Chemistry Experiments All Lab, No Lecture First Edition Robert Bruce Thompson BEIJING • CAMBRIDGE • FARNHAM • KÖLN • SEBASTOPOL • TAIPEI • TOKYO Illustrated Guide to Home Chemistry Experiments All Lab, No Lecture by Robert Bruce Thompson Copyright © 2008 Robert Bruce Thompson. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A. Published by Make:Books, an imprint of Maker Media, a division of O’Reilly Media, Inc. 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472. O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. For more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or [email protected]. Print History Publisher: Dale Dougherty April 2008 Associate Publisher: Dan Woods First Edition Executive Editor: Brian Jepson Editor: Tom Sgouros Creative Director: Daniel Carter Designer: Alison Kendall Production Manager: Terry Bronson Copy Editor: Nancy Kotary Indexer: Patti Schiendelman Cover Photograph: Jason Forman The O’Reilly logo is a registered trademark of O’Reilly Media, Inc. The DIY Science series designa- tions, Illustrated Guide to Home Chemistry Experiments: All Lab, No Lecture, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc. The trademarks of third parties used in this work are the property of their respective owners. Important Message to Our Readers: Your safety is your own responsibility, including proper use of equipment and safety gear, and determining whether you have adequate skill and experience. Chemicals, electricity, and other resources used for these projects are dangerous unless used properly and with adequate precautions, including safety gear. Some illustrative photos do not depict safety precautions or equipment, in order to show the project steps more clearly. These projects are not intended for use by children. Use of the instructions and suggestions in Illustrated Guide to Home Chemistry Experiments: All Lab, No Lecture is at your own risk. O’Reilly Media, Inc. and the author disclaim all responsibility for any resulting damage, injury, or expense. It is your responsibility to make sure that your activities comply with applicable laws, including copyright. This book uses RepKover™, a durable and flexible lay-flat binding. ISBN: 978-0-596-51492-1 [1/10] Dedication Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742 – 1786) To Carl Wilhelm Scheele, one of the first true chemists, who did so much with so little. As a practicing pharmacist without access to the advanced laboratory equipment available to many of his contemporaries, Scheele discovered numerous chemical elements and compounds—including oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, barium, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, citric acid, glycerol, the pigment Scheele's Green (cupric hydrogen arsenite), and many others—debunked the phlogiston theory, and was among the first to establish the rigorous, standardized, consistent quantitative procedures that are the hallmark of modern chemistry. Scheele died at age 43, apparently from mercury poisoning contracted as a result of his unfortunate habit of tasting the new compounds he prepared. Contents Preface .............................................................................................................................................xi 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................1 Maintaining a Laboratory Notebook .................................................................................................5 2. Laboratory Safety ..........................................................................................................................9 Laboratory Safety Rules We Recommend ......................................................................................10 3. Equipping a Home Chemistry Lab ..........................................................................................13 General Purpose Glassware and Plasticware .................................................................................14 Volumetric Glassware .......................................................................................................................22 Microscale Equipment ......................................................................................................................26 Recommended Laboratory Glassware ............................................................................................28 Laboratory Equipment and Supplies ..............................................................................................30 Work Area ..........................................................................................................................................41 4. Chemicals for the Home Chemistry Lab ..............................................................................45 Chemical Names ...............................................................................................................................46 Chemical Grades ...............................................................................................................................47 Chemical Risk Factors and Safety Advice .......................................................................................48 Hazard Pictograms and Letter Symbols .........................................................................................52 Safe Chemical Handling ...................................................................................................................52 Chemicals Used In This Book ..........................................................................................................58 5. Mastering Laboratory Skills ...................................................................................................69 Measurement Resolution and Significant Figures .........................................................................69 Handling Chemicals Properly ...........................................................................................................71 Using a Balance .................................................................................................................................73 Measuring Liquids by Volume ..........................................................................................................74 Filtration .............................................................................................................................................83 Separations .......................................................................................................................................84 Using Heat Sources ..........................................................................................................................85 Working with Glass Tubing ...............................................................................................................88 Cleaning Glassware ..........................................................................................................................90 6. Laboratory: Separating Mixtures...........................................................................................93 Laboratory 6.1: Differential Solubility: Separate Sand and Sucrose .............................................94 Laboratory 6.2: Distillation: Purify Ethanol .....................................................................................97 Laboratory 6.3: Recrystallization: Purify Copper Sulfate ............................................................101 Laboratory 6.4: Solvent Extraction ................................................................................................105 Laboratory 6.5: Chromatography: Two-Phase Separation of Mixtures ......................................108 Laboratory 6.6: Determine the Formula of a Hydrate ...................................................................116 7. Laboratory: Solubility and Solutions ...................................................................................121 Laboratory 7.1: Make Up a Molar Solution of a Solid Chemical ...................................................126 Laboratory 7.2: Make Up a Molal Solution of a Solid Chemical ...................................................133 Laboratory 7.3: Make Up a Molar Solution of a Liquid Chemical ................................................136 Laboratory 7.4: Make Up a Mass-to-Volume Percentage Solution ..............................................140 Laboratory 7.5: Determine Concentration of a Solution by Visual Colorimetry ........................142 8. Laboratory: Colligative Properties of Solutions .................................................................147 Laboratory 8.1: Determine Molar Mass by Boiling Point Elevation .............................................149 Laboratory 8.2: Determine Molar Mass by Freezing Point Depression ......................................153 Laboratory 8.3: Observe the Effects of Osmotic Pressure ..........................................................156 9. Laboratory: Introduction to Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry ....................................161 Laboratory 9.1: Observe a Composition Reaction ........................................................................163 Laboratory 9.2: Observe a Decomposition Reaction ...................................................................167 Laboratory 9.3: Observe a Single Displacement Reaction ...........................................................171 Laboratory 9.4: Stoichiometry of a Double Displacement Reaction ..........................................175 10 . Laboratory: Reduction-Oxidation (Redox) Reactions ........................................................181 Laboratory 10.1: Reduction of Copper Ore to Copper Metal .......................................................183 Laboratory 10.2: Observe the Oxidation States of Manganese...................................................186 1 1. Laboratory: Acid-Base Chemistry ........................................................................................191 Laboratory 11.1: Determine the Effect of Concentration on pH ..................................................193 Laboratory 11.2: Determine the pH of Aqueous Salt Solutions ...................................................198 Laboratory 11.3: Observe the Characteristics of a Buffer Solution ...........................................200 Laboratory 11.4: Standardize a Hydrochloric Acid Solution by Titration ...................................204 12 . Laboratory: Chemical Kinetics .............................................................................................211 Laboratory 12.1: Determine the Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate .................................212 Laboratory 12.2: Determine the Effect of Surface Area on Reaction Rate .................................216 Laboratory 12.3: Determine the Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate ..............................219 Laboratory 12.4: Determine the Effect of a Catalyst on Reaction Rate .....................................223 13 . Laboratory: Chemical Equilibrium and Le Chatelier’s Principle ......................................229 Laboratory 13.1: Observe Le Chatelier’s Principle in Action ........................................................231 Laboratory 13.2: Quantify the Common Ion Effecct ...................................................................236 Laboratory 13.3: Determine a Solubility Product Constant ........................................................239 14 . Laboratory: Gas Chemistry ..................................................................................................245 Laboratory 14.1: Observe the Volume-Pressure Relationship of Gases (Boyle’s Law) .....................................................................................................248 Laboratory 14.2: Observe the Volume-Temperature Relationship of Gases (Charles’ Law)....................................................................................................253 Laboratory 14.3: Observe the Pressure-Temperature Relationship of Gases (Gay-Lussac’s Law) ............................................................................................257 Laboratory 14.4: Use the Ideal Gas Law to Determine the Percentage of Acetic Acid in Vinegar ........................................................................................260 Laboratory 14.5: Determine Molar Mass From Vapor Density ...................................................264 15 . Laboratory: Thermochemistry and Calorimetry ................................................................269 Laboratory 15.1: Determine Heat of Solution ...............................................................................271 Laboratory 15.2: Determine the Heat of Fusion of Ice .................................................................274 Laboratory 15.3: Determine the Specific Heat of a Metal ...........................................................276 Laboratory 15.4: Determine the Enthalpy Change of a Reaction ...............................................280 16 . Laboratory: Electrochemistry ..............................................................................................285 Laboratory 16.1: Produce Hydrogen and Oxygen by Electrolysis of Water ................................287 Laboratory 16.2: Observe the Electrochemical Oxidation of Iron ...............................................291 Laboratory 16.3: Measure Electrode Potentials ..........................................................................294 Laboratory 16.4: Observe Energy Transformation (Voltage and Current) .................................298 Laboratory 16.5: Build a Voltaic Cell with Two Half Cells .............................................................301 Laboratory 16.6: Build a Battery ...................................................................................................304 1 7. Laboratory: Photochemistry ................................................................................................309 Laboratory 17.1: Photochemical Reaction of Iodine and Oxalate ................................................310 18 . Laboratory: Colloids and Suspensions ...............................................................................317 Laboratory 18.1: Observe Some Properties of Colloids and Suspensions ................................321 Laboratory 18.2: Produce Firefighting Foam ...............................................................................324 Laboratory 18.3: Prepare a Gelled Sol .........................................................................................326 19 . Laboratory: Qualitative Analysis .........................................................................................331 Laboratory 19.1: Use Flame Tests to Discriminate Metal Ions ....................................................332 Laboratory 19.2: Use Borax Bead Tests to Discriminate Metal Ions .........................................336 Laboratory 19.3: Qualitative Analysis of Inorganic Anions ........................................................339 Laboratory 19.4: Qualitative Analysis of Inorganic Cations .......................................................343 Laboratory 19.5: Qualitative Analysis of Bone ............................................................................349 20 . Laboratory: Quantitative Analysis ......................................................................................355 Laboratory 20.1: Quantitative Analysis of Vitamin C by Acid-Base Titration ...........................356 Laboratory 20.2: Quantitative Analysis of Chlorine Bleach by Redox Titration .......................360 Laboratory 20.3: Quantitative Anion Analysis of Seawater .......................................................365 2 1. Laboratory: Synthesis of Useful Compounds ....................................................................373 Laboratory 21.1: Synthesize Methyl Salicylate from Aspirin ......................................................374 Laboratory 21.2: Produce Rayon Fiber ........................................................................................380 22 . Laboratory: Forensic Chemistry .........................................................................................385 Laboratory 22.1: Use the Sherlock Holmes Test to Detect Blood .............................................386 Laboratory 22.2: Perform a Presumptive Test for Illicit Drugs ..................................................389 Laboratory 22.3: Reveal Latent Fingerprints ..............................................................................395 Laboratory 22.4: Perform the Marsh Test ...................................................................................399 Index .......................................................................................................................................405