Table Of Content

ILLUSTRATED FAMILY ENCYCLOPEDIA Cole Peacemaker see WEAPONS Straw boater see SAILING AND Indonesian bank note OTHER WATER SPORTS see MONEY Postage stamps Shipping signal 1970s platform shoes see STAMPS AND King and Queen Picture book Tenor horn see FLAGS see CLOTHES AND FASHION POSTAL SERVICES Yu'pik family, Alaska see CHESS see CHILDREN'S see MUSICAL see ARCTIC OCEAN LITERATURE INSTRUMENTS Monarch butterfly see EVOLUTION Gecko see LIZARDS Honey fungus Clown fish see Hoverfly see MUSHROOMS ECOLOGY see INSECTS Kiwanos Duckling Paradise riflebird egg see FRUITS AND SEEDS see DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS Bloodhound see DOGS see EGGS Light bulb see INVENTIONS Hubble space telescope Personal stereo see SPACE Mobile phone see RADIO EXPLORATION see TELEPHONES SLR camera Ethane molecule Jaguar XK120 DNA double hel Chemical reactions see CAMERAS see ATOMS AND MOLECULES see CARS AND TRUCKS see GENETICS see CHEMISTRY Dagger see WEAPONS Amulet Board Game Thumbscrew Portable sextant see EXPLORATION see EGYPT, ANCIENT see VIKINGS Throwing dree see WITCHES AND WITCHCRAFT see ROMAN EMPIRE Flint arrowhead Ceremonial dress Ancient coins see STONE AGE Clasp see CHINA, HISTORY OF see NORTH AMERICA, see SUMERIANS Sabaton see ARMS AND ARMOUR HISTORY OF The Dorling Kindersley ILLUSTRATED FAMILY ENCYCLOPEDIA VOLUME 1 • A-I Aboriginal Australians to India, History of A DORLING KINDERSLEY BOOK LONDON, NEW YORK, MUNICH, MELBOURNE AND DELHI Senior Editor Jayne Parsons Senior Art Editor Gillian Shaw Project Editors Project Art Editors Marian Broderick, Gill Cooling, Jane Felstead, Martyn Foote, Maggie Crowley, Hazel Egerton, Neville Graham, Jamie Hanson, Cynthia O'Neill, Veronica Pennycook, Christopher Howson, Jill Plank, Floyd Sayers, Louise Pritchard, Steve Setford, Jackie Wilson Jane Tetzlaff, Ann Thompson Editors Art Editors Rachel Beaugie, Nic Kynaston, Sarah Levete, Tina Borg, Diane Clouting, Karen O'Brien, Linda Sonntag Tory Gordon-Harris DTP Designers Andrew O'Brien, Cordelia Springer Managing Editor Ann Kramer Managing Art Editor Peter Bailey Senior DTP Designer Mathew Birch Picture Research Jo Walton, Kate Duncan, Liz Moore DK Picture Library Ola Rudowska, Melanie Simmonds Country pages by PhGEOne: Bob Gordon, Helen Parker, Thomas Keenes, Sarah Watson, Chris Clark Cartographers Peter Winfield, James Anderson Research Robert Graham, Angela Koo Editorial Assistants Sarah-Louise Reed, Nichola Roberts Production Louise Barratt, Charlotte Traill First published in Great Britain in 1997. This edition published in Great Britain in 2002 by Dorling Kindersley Limited, 80 Strand, London WC2R ORL Copyright © 1997, © 2002 Dorling Kindersley Limited, London A Pearson company All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 07513 3929 6 Colour reproduction by Colourscan, Singapore Printed and bound in China by Toppan Printing Co. (Shenzhen) Ltd. See our complete catalogue at www.dk.com CONTRIBUTORS AND CONSULTANTS Simon Adams BSc MSc Robin Kerrod FRAS Matthew Robertson Historian and writer Science writer and consultant Senior invertebrate keeper, Bristol Zoo Norman Barrett MA Bruce P. Lenman Theodore Rowland-Entwistle BA, FRGS Sports writer and consultant Professor of Modern History Writer and consultant University of St Andrews Dr Martin R. Bates BSc, PhD Noel Simon Institute of Archaeology Nicky Levell Member emiritus of the Species Survival University of London Curator Collections History, Commission of IUCN; original compiler The Horniman Museum mammalia volume, Red Data Book David Burnie BSc John E. Llewellyn-Jones BSc Science and natural history writer Carole Stott BA, FRAS Zoologist and botanist; writer and lecturer Astronomy and space writer; Jack Challoner BSc, ARCS, PGCE formerly Head of the Old Royal Miranda MacQuitty BSc, PhD Science writer, formerly with the Education Observatory, Greenwich, London Zoologist and natural history writer Unit, Science Museum, London Jonathan Stroud BA Kevin McRae Julie Childs BSc Writer and consultant Writer and consultant: literature Zoologist and natural history writer, former Head of Public Affairs, Zoological Haydn Middleton MA Barbara Taylor BSc Society of London Historian and author Environmental scientist and natural history writer Neil Clark BSc Mark O'Shea BSc, FRGS Louise Tythacott Paleontologist, Hunterian Museum and Curator of Reptiles, West Midland Safari Writer and consultant Southeast Asia University of Glasgow Park; tropical herpetologist and zoologist; natural history author Richard Walker BSc PhD Paul Collins MA Human biology and natural history writer Institute of Archaeology Chris Oxlade BSc University College, London Writer and consultant, specializing in Marcus Weeks B Mus science and technology Composer and writer Dr Gordon Daniels Reader in History, Douglas Palmer BSc, PhD Philip Wilkinson MA University of Sheffield Writer, lecturer, and Open University tutor Historian and writer specializing in palaeobiology Veronica Doubleday Elizabeth Wyse BA Lecturer, Historical and Critical Studies, Steve Parker BSc Writer and consultant University of Brighton Zoologist, science writer and scientific fellow of the Zoological Society Dorling Kindersley Cartography John Farndon in conjunction with leading cartographic Writer and consultant Tom Parsons MA consultants, embassies, and consulates Art historian and writer Roger Few BA Author on natural history and the James Pickford BA environment Writer and electronic editor FT Mastering Theresa Greenaway BSc, ARCS Botanist and natural history writer Richard Platt BA Writer and consultant Frances Halpin BSc Science consultant and teacher at Royal Russell School Dr Austen Ivereigh D Phil Lecturer in Latin American History University of Leeds LIST OF MAIN ENTRIES See index for further topics HOW TO USE THIS ENCYCLOPEDIA 8 B CAVES 188 CAVE WILDLIFE 189 A BABYLONIAN EMPIRE 103 CELLS 190 ABORIGINAL AUSTRALIANS 11 BADGERS, OTTERS, AND SKUNKS 104 CELTS 191-192 ACIDS AND ALKALIS 12-13 BALKAN STATES (formerly known as; CENTRAL AMERICA 193-195 ADVERTISING AND MARKETING 14 now SOUTHEAST EUROPE) 105-107 CENTRAL AMERICA, HISTORY OF 196 AFRICA 15-16 BALLET 108 CHARLEMAGNE 197 AFRICA, HISTORY OF 17-19 BALL GAMES 109-111 CHAVIN 198 AFRICA, CENTRAL 20-23 BALTIC STATES 112-113 CHEMISTRY 199-200 AFRICA, EAST 24-27 BANGLADESH AND NEPAL 114-115 CHESS AND OTHER BOARD GAMES 201-202 AFRICA, NORTHWEST 28-29 BARBARIANS 116 CHILDREN'S LITERATURE 203-205 AFRICA, SOUTHERN CENTRAL 30-32 BATS 117-119 CHINA AND TAIWAN 206-208 AFRICA, WEST 33-37 BEARS 120 CHINA, HISTORY OF 209-211 AFRICAN WILDLIFE 38-39 BEATLES, THE 121 CHINESE REVOLUTION 212 AIR 40 BEES AND WASPS 122 CHRISTIANITY 213-214 AIRCRAFT 41-43 BEETHOVEN, LUDWIG VAN 123 CHURCHES AND CATHEDRALS 215 AIRPORTS 44 BEETLES 124-125 CITIES 216 AIRSHIPS AND BALLOONS 45-46 BELGIUM 126 CLIMATE 217 ALEXANDER THE GREAT 47 BENIN EMPIRE 127 CLOTHES AND FASHION 218-220 AMERICAN CIVIL WAR 48 BICYCLES AND MOTORCYCLES 128-129 CLOUDS 221 AMERICAN REVOLUTION 49 BlG BANG 130 COAL 222 AMPHIBIANS 50 BIOLOGY 131 COASTS 223 ANGLO-SAXONS 51 BIRDS 132-134 CODES AND CIPHERS 224 ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR 52-53 BIRDS OF PREY 135-137 COLD WAR 225 ANIMALS 54-55 BLACK DEATH 138 COLOUR 226-227 ANTARCTICA 56 BLACK HOLES 139 COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER 228 ANTEATERS, SLOTHS, AND ARMADILLOS 57 BOLfvAR, SIMON 140 COMBAT SPORTS 229 ANTS AND TERMITES 58 BOLIVIA AND PARAGUAY 141-142 COMETS AND ASTEROIDS 230 ARCHAEOLOGY 59-60 BOOKS 143 COMPUTERS 231-232 ARCHITECTURE 61-63 BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM 144-145 CONFUCIUS 233 ARCTIC OCEAN 64 BRAZIL 146-147 CONSERVATION 234-235 ARGENTINA, CHILE, AND URUGUAY 65-67 BRIDGES 148 CONTINENTS 236-237 ARMIES 68 BRONTE SISTERS 149 COOK, JAMES 238 ARMS AND ARMOUR 69-70 BRONZE AGE 150 CORAL REEFS 239 ART, HISTORY OF 71-73 BUDDHA 151 CRABS AND OTHER CRUSTACEANS 240-241 ARTHROPODS 74 BUDDHISM 152-153 CRAFTS 242-243 ASIA 75-76 BUFFALO AND OTHER WILD CATTLE 154 CRIME AND PUNISHMENT 244 ASIA, HISTORY OF 77-79 BUGS 155 CROCODILES 245 ASIA, CENTRAL 80-81 BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION 156-157 CROWS 246 ASIAN WILDLIFE 82-83 BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS 158-159 CRUSADES 247 ASSYRIAN EMPIRE 84 BYZANTINE EMPIRE 160 CRYSTALS AND GEMS 248-249 ASTROLOGY 85 CURIE, MARIE 250 ASTRONAUTS 86 C CYCLING 251 ASTRONOMY 87 CAESAR, JULIUS 161 D ATHLETICS 88 CAMELS 162 89-90 CAMERAS 163-164 DAMS 252 91 CAMOUFLAGE AND COLOUR 165-166 DANCE 253-254 ATOMS AND MOLECULES 92 CAMPING AND HIKING 167-168 DARWIN, CHARLES 255 AUSTRALASIA AND OCEANIA 93-94 CANADA 169-170 DEER AND ANTELOPES 256-257 AUSTRALIA 95-96 CANADA, HISTORY OF 171 DENMARK 258 AUSTRALIA, HISTORY OF 97-98 CARIBBEAN 172-175 DESERTS 259 AUSTRALIAN WILDLIFE 99-100 CARIBBEAN, HISTORY OF 176 DESERT WILDLIFE 260-261 AZTECS 101-102 CARNIVOROUS PLANTS 177 DESIGN 262 CARS AND TRUCKS 178-180 DICKENS, CHARLES 263 Jupiter, the largest planet, CARTOONS AND ANIMATION 181 DIGESTION 264 comparative to the Sun CASTLES 182-183 DINOSAURS 265-267 CATS 184-185 DISEASES 268 Sun see SUN AND SOLAR SYSTEM CAUCASUS REPUBLICS 186-187 DISNEY, WALT 269 DOGS 270-271 FINLAND 333 GRASSES, RUSHES, AND SEDGES 393-394 DRAMA 272-273 FIRE 334 GRASSHOPPERS AND CRICKETS 395 DRUGS 274-275 FIRST AID 335 GRASSLAND WILDLIFE 396-397 DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS 276 FISH 336-338 GRAVITY 398 DYES AND PAINTS 277 FISHING INDUSTRY 339 GREAT DEPRESSION 399 FLAGS 340-341 GREAT ZIMBABWE 400 E FLIES 342 GREECE, ANCIENT 401-402 EARS AND HEARING 278 FLIGHT, ANIMAL 343 GREECE AND BULGARIA 403-404 EARTH 279-280 FLIGHT, HISTORY OF 344 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 405 EARTHQUAKES 281 FLIGHTLESS BIRDS 345 GULF STATES 406-408 EARTH SCIENCES 282 FLOWERS 346-347 GUNS 409 ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEMS 283-284 FOOD 348-349 GUPTA EMPIRE 410 ECUADOR AND PERU 285-286 FOOD WEBS AND CHAINS 350 GYMNASTICS 411-412 EDISON, THOMAS 287 FOOTBALL 351 EDUCATION 288 FORCE AND MOTION 352 H EGGS 289-290 FORESTS 353 EGYPT, ANCIENT 291-293 FOSSILS 354-355 HEALTH AND FITNESS 413 EINSTEIN, ALBERT 294 FRANCE 356-357 HEART AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 414-415 ELECTRICITY 295 FRANCE, HISTORY OF 358-359 HEAT AND TEMPERATURE 416-417 ELECTROMAGNETISM 296 FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN 360 HEDGEHOGS AND OTHER INSECTTVORES 418 ELECTRONICS 297 FRENCH REVOLUTION 361 HERONS, STORKS, AND FLAMINGOS 419 ELEMENTS 298 FREUD, SIGMUND 362 HIBERNATION 420 ELEPHANTS 299-300 FRICTION 363 HINDUISM 421-422 ELIZABETH I 301 FROGS AND TOADS 364-365 HIPPOPOTAMUSES 423 EMPIRES 302 FRUITS AND SEEDS 366-367 HISTORY 424 ENERGY 303-304 FURNITURE 368-369 HITTITES 425 HOLOCAUST 426 ENGINES AND MOTORS 305-306 G HOLY LAND, HISTORY OF 427 ETRUSCANS 307 HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE 428 EUROPE 308-309 GALAXIES 370 HORMONES AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 429 EUROPE, HISTORY OF 310-311 GALILEO GALILEI 371 HORSE RIDING 430 EUROPE, CENTRAL 312-314 GANDHI, MOHANDAS 372 HORSES 431-432 EUROPEAN UNION- 315 GARBO, GRETA 373 HOSPITALS 433 EUROPEAN WILDLIFE 316-317 GARDENS 374 HOUSES AND HOMES 434-435 EVOLUTION 318-319 GASES 375 HUMAN BODY 436 EXPLORATION 320-321 GENETICS 376-377 HUMAN EVOLUTION 437 EYES AND SEEING 322 GEOLOGY 378 HUMAN RIGHTS 438 GERMANY 379-380 HUNDRED YEARS WAR 439 F GERMANY, HISTORY OF 381-382 HYENAS 440 GERONIMO 383 FARMING 323-325 GIRAFFES 384 I FARMING, HISTORY OF 326 GLACIATION 385-386 FERNS 327 GLASS 387 IMMUNE AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS 441 FESTIVALS 328 GODS AND GODDESSES 388-389 INCAS 442-443 FEUDALISM 329 GOODALL, JANE 390 INDIA AND SRI LANKA 444-446 FILMS AND FILM-MAKING 330-332 GOVERNMENTS AND POLITICS 391-392 INDIA, HISTORY OF 447-448 COMPARATIVE PLANET SIZES Uranus see PLANETS Neptune see PLANETS Pluto , Mars Earth see PLANETS see PLANETS see EARTH Saturn I Mercury I Venus see PLANETS see PLANETS see PLANETS Jupiter see PLANETS HOW TO USE THIS ENCYCLOPEDIA THE FOLLOWING PAGES WILL HELP YOU get the If you cannot find the topic you want, then most out of your copy of the Dorling Kindersley turn to Volume 3. This volume includes an Illustrated Family Encyclopedia. The encyclopedia index and gazetteer for the whole encyclopedia, consists of three volumes. Volumes 1—2 contain which will direct you straight to the page you nearly 700 main entries organized alphabetically, need. In addition, Volume 3 contains hundreds from Aboriginal Australians through to Zoos. of reference charts, fact boxes, lists, and tables To find the entry you want, simply turn to the to supplement the information provided on the correct letter of the alphabet. main entry pages. MEASUREMENTS AND THE PAGE LAYOUT Introduction The pages in this encyclopedia have been carefully Clear introductions are the In the main entry on COLOUR, ABBREVIATIONS planned to make each subject as accessible as possible. starting point for each the introduction explains that Most measurements are supplied in Main entries are broken down into a hierarchy of entry. The introduction colours are different forms of both metric and imperial units. Some information - from a general introduction to more defines and provides an light, and that sunlight contains of the most common abbreviations specific individual topics. overview of each subject. light of many different colours. used in the encyclopedia are shown below in bold type. °C = degrees Celsius COLLEGES see SCHOOLS END COLLEGES • COLOMBIA see SOUTH AMERICA °F = degrees Fahrenheit Alphabet locators COLOUR White light spectrum K = degrees kelvin Letter flashes help you find your way Passing white light through a transparent triangular block called a mm = millimetre; cm = centimetre quickly around the encyclopedia. prism separates out the different wavelengths of light. The prism A WORLD WITHOUT COLOUR would refracts (bends) each wavelength by a different amount, forming a m = metre; km = kilometre be dull and uninspiring. Colour is a band of colours called a white light spectrum, or a visible spectrum. ign == g irnacmh;; kftg == f koiolto; gyrda m= yard Sub-entries efolermct roomf laiggnhet.t iLc iwghatv eiss mofade up of TaHnheder evs, eioav lecenot. n mRveaexidn l hecanossl otchuoerms l obanrineg eersse tdt h,w eoa rcvaoenllgoeneu,gr sty heb laalocnwkd ,i vngitrooelee wnt ,ht hbitele u selhi,g oihrnttde.isgt.o, oz = ounce; Ib = pound Sub-entries provide important varying lengths. The human eye detects additional information and expand on these different wavelengths and sees them ml = millilitre; 1 = litre points made in the introduction. as different colours. White light - like pt = pint; gal = gallon that from the Sun - is a mixture of all sq km (km2) = square kilometre the different wavelengths. Objects look This sub-entry explains how rainbows sq ft (ft2)= square foot coloured because they give out or reflect kmh = kilometres per hour are caused by raindrops in the air. . only certain wavelengths of light. mph = miles per hour Rainbow How a rainbow forms Colour and temperature mya = million years ago Diagrams When while sunlight passes through a raindrop. Objects at room temperature emit (give out) BC = before Christ Clear diagrams help explain complex day, you may well see refracts the light and splits it up into its separate electromagnetic waves, but these waves are too AD = anno Domini (refers to processes and scientific concepts. wa irtahi nyboouwr bifa cyko ut os ttahned slounchg afos r thhiusm staene l ebyaers, tgoi vseese t.h He ewataivnegs aint eombijetsct, any date after the birth of Christ) Sun. A rainbow is a Sunlight more energy and c. = circa (about) The diagram here shows how a raindrop scpuervcetrdu mw htihtea t lifgohrmts Colours Tmhaek ews atvheesm e vsehnotrutaelrl.y b. = born; d. = died; r. = reigned splits sunlight into its constituent colours. wanhde nr elfirgahctt eids rbeyfle_c_te_d_ again. oCrfefof llebocautcrsk tboe cboem see esnh, oarnt de nthoeugh Steel bar a, 6300C (1,1700F) raindrops in the sky. surface bar begins to glow. As the bar's temperature Spectroscope Light source Diffrgarcatitoinng ACto tnhee bcaeclkl sof the eye driisfefse,r eitn tg lcoowlos uwrsit.h Steel bar at 1,5300C (2,790°F) there are special cells spectroscope is used to called cones that enable Red hot and white hot by hot substances. Inside Glowing red dorie d sifpferacctrtoiosnc ogprea, tain pgr i(sam glass slide Visible 630°C(1,170°F), it is "red Strong chest / Pthernoguugihn trhiese swater Labels ssucobrsetadn wceit hin ftion eit sli cnoems) psopnlietsn tli gwhatv ferloemng tah gs.lowing Athhote ta "rb eaodnu det neld,m5 o3itf0s t°lhCige (hs2pt .e7frc9ot0rmu°mF)., act as rudders. dmouwscnl etsh peu wllings. tthoe b sruerafakc eth.rough hideelpn titfoy oEEfa mclihgi hscsth iewomanivc esalpel nedgcettmhrsue wnmth egniv ehse oautetd a. Sueneinq uthe rroaungghe Sensitivity of Sensitivity CofonSe ecnesliltsivity of Hot stars tehnet ir"ew whirteit eh olitg"h bt asrp eemctritusm th.e images. oa fs bpreicgthrot slcinopese ,o tnh eas de awrka vbealecnkggtrhosu napdp. eTahr iass i sa tsheet Visible clue to its age. To the naked spectrum Huddling reduces KING PENGUIN using a telescope. Young stars are hot and glow with white heat loss. Emission spectrum light. Older stars are relatively SCIENTIFIC NAME Aptenodytes of a sodium flam. Sodium flame Sensitivity of cone cells in the human eye patagonica Joseph von Fraunhofer Munsell colour system Colour matching systems The German physicist Joseph von ORDER Sphenisciformes Fraunhofer (1787-1826) Describing colours exactly using words alone is not FAMILY Spheniscidae asnb aaet cumarmier reoo fri n lmitgeahrket sewtre hdain liedn tlrtehaneisning esatasyn.d Tarod acvooliodu cr-oindfeunstiiofinc,a tmioann usfyasctetumrsin. gT hien dMusutrniseesl luse reference number of the colour, so the DISTRIBUTION Islands and ocean north polisher His training enabled system is used to specify colours for dyes and pigments. printer knows exactly what is wanted. HABofIT AAnTt aCrcotiacsats and open sea s1ct8oie1 nm4t-iaf1ki7ce , sththueed ufyis reosdtf tthheem vaItna dldue efi tisn(b ehrsiu gaeh ct(nopeolosssuit)ri, o bintys its Enuamchb ecro.lour DIET Fish and squid Sun emission spectrum. in the spectrum). SIZE Length, including tail 95 cm emperor penguins carry (37.3 in) chicks around on their feet. LlFESPAN About 20 years Biography boxes This biography Headings The heading Colour i Most main entry pages have box describes The topic matching systems Natural history data boxes This data box biography boxes that tell you about the work of the headings enable refers to the way On the natural history pages, data boxes gives you key key people who have contributed to physicist Joseph you to see at-a- designers use reference summarize essential information about a key facts about the our knowledge of the subject. The von Fraunhofer. glance which numbers to match the animal featured in the entry. The box contains King Penguin. encyclopedia also has single-page subjects are colours on their work information about the animal's size, diet, habitat, entries on the life and work of more covered within to the colours of lifespan, distribution, and scientific name. than 50 major historical figures. the main entry. printers' inks.

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ILLUSTRATED FAMILY ENCYCLOPEDIA Cole Peacemaker see WEAPONS Straw boater see SAILING AND Indonesian bank note OTHER WATER SPORTS see MONEY Postage stamps Shipping signal 1970s platform shoes see STAMPS AND King and Queen Picture book Tenor horn see FLAGS see CLOTHES AND FASHION POSTAL SERVICES Yu'pik family, Alaska see CHESS see CHILDREN'S see MUSICAL see ARCTIC OCEAN LITERATURE INSTRUMENTS Monarch butterfly see EVOLUTION Gecko see LIZARDS Honey fungus Clown fish see Hoverfly see MUSHROOMS ECOLOGY see INSECTS Kiwanos Duckling Paradise riflebird egg see FRUITS AND SEEDS see DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS Bloodhound see DOGS see EGGS Light bulb see INVENTIONS Hubble space telescope Personal stereo see SPACE Mobile phone see RADIO EXPLORATION see TELEPHONES SLR camera Ethane molecule Jaguar XK120 DNA double hel Chemical reactions see CAMERAS see ATOMS AND MOLECULES see CARS AND TRUCKS see GENETICS see CHEMISTRY Dagger see WEAPONS Amulet Board Game Thumbscrew Portable sextant see EXPLORATION see EGYPT, ANCIENT see VIKINGS Throwing dree see WITCHES AND WITCHCRAFT see ROMAN EMPIRE Flint arrowhead Ceremonial dress Ancient coins see STONE AGE Clasp see CHINA, HISTORY OF see NORTH AMERICA, see SUMERIANS Sabaton see ARMS AND ARMOUR HISTORY OF The Dorling Kindersley ILLUSTRATED FAMILY ENCYCLOPEDIA VOLUME 1 • A-I Aboriginal Australians to India, History of A DORLING KINDERSLEY BOOK LONDON, NEW YORK, MUNICH, MELBOURNE AND DELHI Senior Editor Jayne Parsons Senior Art Editor Gillian Shaw Project Editors Project Art Editors Marian Broderick, Gill Cooling, Jane Felstead, Martyn Foote, Maggie Crowley, Hazel Egerton, Neville Graham, Jamie Hanson, Cynthia O'Neill, Veronica Pennycook, Christopher Howson, Jill Plank, Floyd Sayers, Louise Pritchard, Steve Setford, Jackie Wilson Jane Tetzlaff, Ann Thompson Editors Art Editors Rachel Beaugie, Nic Kynaston, Sarah Levete, Tina Borg, Diane Clouting, Karen O'Brien, Linda Sonntag Tory Gordon-Harris DTP Designers Andrew O'Brien, Cordelia Springer Managing Editor Ann Kramer Managing Art Editor Peter Bailey Senior DTP Designer Mathew Birch Picture Research Jo Walton, Kate Duncan, Liz Moore DK Picture Library Ola Rudowska, Melanie Simmonds Country pages by PhGEOne: Bob Gordon, Helen Parker, Thomas Keenes, Sarah Watson, Chris Clark Cartographers Peter Winfield, James Anderson Research Robert Graham, Angela Koo Editorial Assistants Sarah-Louise Reed, Nichola Roberts Production Louise Barratt, Charlotte Traill First published in Great Britain in 1997. This edition published in Great Britain in 2002 by Dorling Kindersley Limited, 80 Strand, London WC2R ORL Copyright © 1997, © 2002 Dorling Kindersley Limited, London A Pearson company All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 07513 3929 6 Colour reproduction by Colourscan, Singapore Printed and bound in China by Toppan Printing Co. (Shenzhen) Ltd. See our complete catalogue at www.dk.com CONTRIBUTORS AND CONSULTANTS Simon Adams BSc MSc Robin Kerrod FRAS Matthew Robertson Historian and writer Science writer and consultant Senior invertebrate keeper, Bristol Zoo Norman Barrett MA Bruce P. Lenman Theodore Rowland-Entwistle BA, FRGS Sports writer and consultant Professor of Modern History Writer and consultant University of St Andrews Dr Martin R. Bates BSc, PhD Noel Simon Institute of Archaeology Nicky Levell Member emiritus of the Species Survival University of London Curator Collections History, Commission of IUCN; original compiler The Horniman Museum mammalia volume, Red Data Book David Burnie BSc John E. Llewellyn-Jones BSc Science and natural history writer Carole Stott BA, FRAS Zoologist and botanist; writer and lecturer Astronomy and space writer; Jack Challoner BSc, ARCS, PGCE formerly Head of the Old Royal Miranda MacQuitty BSc, PhD Science writer, formerly with the Education Observatory, Greenwich, London Zoologist and natural history writer Unit, Science Museum, London Jonathan Stroud BA Kevin McRae Julie Childs BSc Writer and consultant Writer and consultant: literature Zoologist and natural history writer, former Head of Public Affairs, Zoological Haydn Middleton MA Barbara Taylor BSc Society of London Historian and author Environmental scientist and natural history writer Neil Clark BSc Mark O'Shea BSc, FRGS Louise Tythacott Paleontologist, Hunterian Museum and Curator of Reptiles, West Midland Safari Writer and consultant Southeast Asia University of Glasgow Park; tropical herpetologist and zoologist; natural history author Richard Walker BSc PhD Paul Collins MA Human biology and natural history writer Institute of Archaeology Chris Oxlade BSc University College, London Writer and consultant, specializing in Marcus Weeks B Mus science and technology Composer and writer Dr Gordon Daniels Reader in History, Douglas Palmer BSc, PhD Philip Wilkinson MA University of Sheffield Writer, lecturer, and Open University tutor Historian and writer specializing in palaeobiology Veronica Doubleday Elizabeth Wyse BA Lecturer, Historical and Critical Studies, Steve Parker BSc Writer and consultant University of Brighton Zoologist, science writer and scientific fellow of the Zoological Society Dorling Kindersley Cartography John Farndon in conjunction with leading cartographic Writer and consultant Tom Parsons MA consultants, embassies, and consulates Art historian and writer Roger Few BA Author on natural history and the James Pickford BA environment Writer and electronic editor FT Mastering Theresa Greenaway BSc, ARCS Botanist and natural history writer Richard Platt BA Writer and consultant Frances Halpin BSc Science consultant and teacher at Royal Russell School Dr Austen Ivereigh D Phil Lecturer in Latin American History University of Leeds LIST OF MAIN ENTRIES See index for further topics HOW TO USE THIS ENCYCLOPEDIA 8 B CAVES 188 CAVE WILDLIFE 189 A BABYLONIAN EMPIRE 103 CELLS 190 ABORIGINAL AUSTRALIANS 11 BADGERS, OTTERS, AND SKUNKS 104 CELTS 191-192 ACIDS AND ALKALIS 12-13 BALKAN STATES (formerly known as; CENTRAL AMERICA 193-195 ADVERTISING AND MARKETING 14 now SOUTHEAST EUROPE) 105-107 CENTRAL AMERICA, HISTORY OF 196 AFRICA 15-16 BALLET 108 CHARLEMAGNE 197 AFRICA, HISTORY OF 17-19 BALL GAMES 109-111 CHAVIN 198 AFRICA, CENTRAL 20-23 BALTIC STATES 112-113 CHEMISTRY 199-200 AFRICA, EAST 24-27 BANGLADESH AND NEPAL 114-115 CHESS AND OTHER BOARD GAMES 201-202 AFRICA, NORTHWEST 28-29 BARBARIANS 116 CHILDREN'S LITERATURE 203-205 AFRICA, SOUTHERN CENTRAL 30-32 BATS 117-119 CHINA AND TAIWAN 206-208 AFRICA, WEST 33-37 BEARS 120 CHINA, HISTORY OF 209-211 AFRICAN WILDLIFE 38-39 BEATLES, THE 121 CHINESE REVOLUTION 212 AIR 40 BEES AND WASPS 122 CHRISTIANITY 213-214 AIRCRAFT 41-43 BEETHOVEN, LUDWIG VAN 123 CHURCHES AND CATHEDRALS 215 AIRPORTS 44 BEETLES 124-125 CITIES 216 AIRSHIPS AND BALLOONS 45-46 BELGIUM 126 CLIMATE 217 ALEXANDER THE GREAT 47 BENIN EMPIRE 127 CLOTHES AND FASHION 218-220 AMERICAN CIVIL WAR 48 BICYCLES AND MOTORCYCLES 128-129 CLOUDS 221 AMERICAN REVOLUTION 49 BlG BANG 130 COAL 222 AMPHIBIANS 50 BIOLOGY 131 COASTS 223 ANGLO-SAXONS 51 BIRDS 132-134 CODES AND CIPHERS 224 ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR 52-53 BIRDS OF PREY 135-137 COLD WAR 225 ANIMALS 54-55 BLACK DEATH 138 COLOUR 226-227 ANTARCTICA 56 BLACK HOLES 139 COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER 228 ANTEATERS, SLOTHS, AND ARMADILLOS 57 BOLfvAR, SIMON 140 COMBAT SPORTS 229 ANTS AND TERMITES 58 BOLIVIA AND PARAGUAY 141-142 COMETS AND ASTEROIDS 230 ARCHAEOLOGY 59-60 BOOKS 143 COMPUTERS 231-232 ARCHITECTURE 61-63 BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM 144-145 CONFUCIUS 233 ARCTIC OCEAN 64 BRAZIL 146-147 CONSERVATION 234-235 ARGENTINA, CHILE, AND URUGUAY 65-67 BRIDGES 148 CONTINENTS 236-237 ARMIES 68 BRONTE SISTERS 149 COOK, JAMES 238 ARMS AND ARMOUR 69-70 BRONZE AGE 150 CORAL REEFS 239 ART, HISTORY OF 71-73 BUDDHA 151 CRABS AND OTHER CRUSTACEANS 240-241 ARTHROPODS 74 BUDDHISM 152-153 CRAFTS 242-243 ASIA 75-76 BUFFALO AND OTHER WILD CATTLE 154 CRIME AND PUNISHMENT 244 ASIA, HISTORY OF 77-79 BUGS 155 CROCODILES 245 ASIA, CENTRAL 80-81 BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION 156-157 CROWS 246 ASIAN WILDLIFE 82-83 BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS 158-159 CRUSADES 247 ASSYRIAN EMPIRE 84 BYZANTINE EMPIRE 160 CRYSTALS AND GEMS 248-249 ASTROLOGY 85 CURIE, MARIE 250 ASTRONAUTS 86 C CYCLING 251 ASTRONOMY 87 CAESAR, JULIUS 161 D ATHLETICS 88 CAMELS 162 89-90 CAMERAS 163-164 DAMS 252 91 CAMOUFLAGE AND COLOUR 165-166 DANCE 253-254 ATOMS AND MOLECULES 92 CAMPING AND HIKING 167-168 DARWIN, CHARLES 255 AUSTRALASIA AND OCEANIA 93-94 CANADA 169-170 DEER AND ANTELOPES 256-257 AUSTRALIA 95-96 CANADA, HISTORY OF 171 DENMARK 258 AUSTRALIA, HISTORY OF 97-98 CARIBBEAN 172-175 DESERTS 259 AUSTRALIAN WILDLIFE 99-100 CARIBBEAN, HISTORY OF 176 DESERT WILDLIFE 260-261 AZTECS 101-102 CARNIVOROUS PLANTS 177 DESIGN 262 CARS AND TRUCKS 178-180 DICKENS, CHARLES 263 Jupiter, the largest planet, CARTOONS AND ANIMATION 181 DIGESTION 264 comparative to the Sun CASTLES 182-183 DINOSAURS 265-267 CATS 184-185 DISEASES 268 Sun see SUN AND SOLAR SYSTEM CAUCASUS REPUBLICS 186-187 DISNEY, WALT 269 DOGS 270-271 FINLAND 333 GRASSES, RUSHES, AND SEDGES 393-394 DRAMA 272-273 FIRE 334 GRASSHOPPERS AND CRICKETS 395 DRUGS 274-275 FIRST AID 335 GRASSLAND WILDLIFE 396-397 DUCKS, GEESE, AND SWANS 276 FISH 336-338 GRAVITY 398 DYES AND PAINTS 277 FISHING INDUSTRY 339 GREAT DEPRESSION 399 FLAGS 340-341 GREAT ZIMBABWE 400 E FLIES 342 GREECE, ANCIENT 401-402 EARS AND HEARING 278 FLIGHT, ANIMAL 343 GREECE AND BULGARIA 403-404 EARTH 279-280 FLIGHT, HISTORY OF 344 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 405 EARTHQUAKES 281 FLIGHTLESS BIRDS 345 GULF STATES 406-408 EARTH SCIENCES 282 FLOWERS 346-347 GUNS 409 ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEMS 283-284 FOOD 348-349 GUPTA EMPIRE 410 ECUADOR AND PERU 285-286 FOOD WEBS AND CHAINS 350 GYMNASTICS 411-412 EDISON, THOMAS 287 FOOTBALL 351 EDUCATION 288 FORCE AND MOTION 352 H EGGS 289-290 FORESTS 353 EGYPT, ANCIENT 291-293 FOSSILS 354-355 HEALTH AND FITNESS 413 EINSTEIN, ALBERT 294 FRANCE 356-357 HEART AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 414-415 ELECTRICITY 295 FRANCE, HISTORY OF 358-359 HEAT AND TEMPERATURE 416-417 ELECTROMAGNETISM 296 FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN 360 HEDGEHOGS AND OTHER INSECTTVORES 418 ELECTRONICS 297 FRENCH REVOLUTION 361 HERONS, STORKS, AND FLAMINGOS 419 ELEMENTS 298 FREUD, SIGMUND 362 HIBERNATION 420 ELEPHANTS 299-300 FRICTION 363 HINDUISM 421-422 ELIZABETH I 301 FROGS AND TOADS 364-365 HIPPOPOTAMUSES 423 EMPIRES 302 FRUITS AND SEEDS 366-367 HISTORY 424 ENERGY 303-304 FURNITURE 368-369 HITTITES 425 HOLOCAUST 426 ENGINES AND MOTORS 305-306 G HOLY LAND, HISTORY OF 427 ETRUSCANS 307 HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE 428 EUROPE 308-309 GALAXIES 370 HORMONES AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 429 EUROPE, HISTORY OF 310-311 GALILEO GALILEI 371 HORSE RIDING 430 EUROPE, CENTRAL 312-314 GANDHI, MOHANDAS 372 HORSES 431-432 EUROPEAN UNION- 315 GARBO, GRETA 373 HOSPITALS 433 EUROPEAN WILDLIFE 316-317 GARDENS 374 HOUSES AND HOMES 434-435 EVOLUTION 318-319 GASES 375 HUMAN BODY 436 EXPLORATION 320-321 GENETICS 376-377 HUMAN EVOLUTION 437 EYES AND SEEING 322 GEOLOGY 378 HUMAN RIGHTS 438 GERMANY 379-380 HUNDRED YEARS WAR 439 F GERMANY, HISTORY OF 381-382 HYENAS 440 GERONIMO 383 FARMING 323-325 GIRAFFES 384 I FARMING, HISTORY OF 326 GLACIATION 385-386 FERNS 327 GLASS 387 IMMUNE AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS 441 FESTIVALS 328 GODS AND GODDESSES 388-389 INCAS 442-443 FEUDALISM 329 GOODALL, JANE 390 INDIA AND SRI LANKA 444-446 FILMS AND FILM-MAKING 330-332 GOVERNMENTS AND POLITICS 391-392 INDIA, HISTORY OF 447-448 COMPARATIVE PLANET SIZES Uranus see PLANETS Neptune see PLANETS Pluto , Mars Earth see PLANETS see PLANETS see EARTH Saturn I Mercury I Venus see PLANETS see PLANETS see PLANETS Jupiter see PLANETS HOW TO USE THIS ENCYCLOPEDIA THE FOLLOWING PAGES WILL HELP YOU get the If you cannot find the topic you want, then most out of your copy of the Dorling Kindersley turn to Volume 3. This volume includes an Illustrated Family Encyclopedia. The encyclopedia index and gazetteer for the whole encyclopedia, consists of three volumes. Volumes 1—2 contain which will direct you straight to the page you nearly 700 main entries organized alphabetically, need. In addition, Volume 3 contains hundreds from Aboriginal Australians through to Zoos. of reference charts, fact boxes, lists, and tables To find the entry you want, simply turn to the to supplement the information provided on the correct letter of the alphabet. main entry pages. MEASUREMENTS AND THE PAGE LAYOUT Introduction The pages in this encyclopedia have been carefully Clear introductions are the In the main entry on COLOUR, ABBREVIATIONS planned to make each subject as accessible as possible. starting point for each the introduction explains that Most measurements are supplied in Main entries are broken down into a hierarchy of entry. The introduction colours are different forms of both metric and imperial units. Some information - from a general introduction to more defines and provides an light, and that sunlight contains of the most common abbreviations specific individual topics. overview of each subject. light of many different colours. used in the encyclopedia are shown below in bold type. °C = degrees Celsius COLLEGES see SCHOOLS END COLLEGES • COLOMBIA see SOUTH AMERICA °F = degrees Fahrenheit Alphabet locators COLOUR White light spectrum K = degrees kelvin Letter flashes help you find your way Passing white light through a transparent triangular block called a mm = millimetre; cm = centimetre quickly around the encyclopedia. prism separates out the different wavelengths of light. The prism A WORLD WITHOUT COLOUR would refracts (bends) each wavelength by a different amount, forming a m = metre; km = kilometre be dull and uninspiring. Colour is a band of colours called a white light spectrum, or a visible spectrum. ign == g irnacmh;; kftg == f koiolto; gyrda m= yard Sub-entries efolermct roomf laiggnhet.t iLc iwghatv eiss mofade up of TaHnheder evs, eioav lecenot. n mRveaexidn l hecanossl otchuoerms l obanrineg eersse tdt h,w eoa rcvaoenllgoeneu,gr sty heb laalocnwkd ,i vngitrooelee wnt ,ht hbitele u selhi,g oihrnttde.isgt.o, oz = ounce; Ib = pound Sub-entries provide important varying lengths. The human eye detects additional information and expand on these different wavelengths and sees them ml = millilitre; 1 = litre points made in the introduction. as different colours. White light - like pt = pint; gal = gallon that from the Sun - is a mixture of all sq km (km2) = square kilometre the different wavelengths. Objects look This sub-entry explains how rainbows sq ft (ft2)= square foot coloured because they give out or reflect kmh = kilometres per hour are caused by raindrops in the air. . only certain wavelengths of light. mph = miles per hour Rainbow How a rainbow forms Colour and temperature mya = million years ago Diagrams When while sunlight passes through a raindrop. Objects at room temperature emit (give out) BC = before Christ Clear diagrams help explain complex day, you may well see refracts the light and splits it up into its separate electromagnetic waves, but these waves are too AD = anno Domini (refers to processes and scientific concepts. wa irtahi nyboouwr bifa cyko ut os ttahned slounchg afos r thhiusm staene l ebyaers, tgoi vseese t.h He ewataivnegs aint eombijetsct, any date after the birth of Christ) Sun. A rainbow is a Sunlight more energy and c. = circa (about) The diagram here shows how a raindrop scpuervcetrdu mw htihtea t lifgohrmts Colours Tmhaek ews atvheesm e vsehnotrutaelrl.y b. = born; d. = died; r. = reigned splits sunlight into its constituent colours. wanhde nr elfirgahctt eids rbeyfle_c_te_d_ again. oCrfefof llebocautcrsk tboe cboem see esnh, oarnt de nthoeugh Steel bar a, 6300C (1,1700F) raindrops in the sky. surface bar begins to glow. As the bar's temperature Spectroscope Light source Diffrgarcatitoinng ACto tnhee bcaeclkl sof the eye driisfefse,r eitn tg lcoowlos uwrsit.h Steel bar at 1,5300C (2,790°F) there are special cells spectroscope is used to called cones that enable Red hot and white hot by hot substances. Inside Glowing red dorie d sifpferacctrtoiosnc ogprea, tain pgr i(sam glass slide Visible 630°C(1,170°F), it is "red Strong chest / Pthernoguugihn trhiese swater Labels ssucobrsetadn wceit hin ftion eit sli cnoems) psopnlietsn tli gwhatv ferloemng tah gs.lowing Athhote ta "rb eaodnu det neld,m5 o3itf0s t°lhCige (hs2pt .e7frc9ot0rmu°mF)., act as rudders. dmouwscnl etsh peu wllings. tthoe b sruerafakc eth.rough hideelpn titfoy oEEfa mclihgi hscsth iewomanivc esalpel nedgcettmhrsue wnmth egniv ehse oautetd a. Sueneinq uthe rroaungghe Sensitivity of Sensitivity CofonSe ecnesliltsivity of Hot stars tehnet ir"ew whirteit eh olitg"h bt asrp eemctritusm th.e images. oa fs bpreicgthrot slcinopese ,o tnh eas de awrka vbealecnkggtrhosu napdp. eTahr iass i sa tsheet Visible clue to its age. To the naked spectrum Huddling reduces KING PENGUIN using a telescope. Young stars are hot and glow with white heat loss. Emission spectrum light. Older stars are relatively SCIENTIFIC NAME Aptenodytes of a sodium flam. Sodium flame Sensitivity of cone cells in the human eye patagonica Joseph von Fraunhofer Munsell colour system Colour matching systems The German physicist Joseph von ORDER Sphenisciformes Fraunhofer (1787-1826) Describing colours exactly using words alone is not FAMILY Spheniscidae asnb aaet cumarmier reoo fri n lmitgeahrket sewtre hdain liedn tlrtehaneisning esatasyn.d Tarod acvooliodu cr-oindfeunstiiofinc,a tmioann usfyasctetumrsin. gT hien dMusutrniseesl luse reference number of the colour, so the DISTRIBUTION Islands and ocean north polisher His training enabled system is used to specify colours for dyes and pigments. printer knows exactly what is wanted. HABofIT AAnTt aCrcotiacsats and open sea s1ct8oie1 nm4t-iaf1ki7ce , sththueed ufyis reosdtf tthheem vaItna dldue efi tisn(b ehrsiu gaeh ct(nopeolosssuit)ri, o bintys its Enuamchb ecro.lour DIET Fish and squid Sun emission spectrum. in the spectrum). SIZE Length, including tail 95 cm emperor penguins carry (37.3 in) chicks around on their feet. LlFESPAN About 20 years Biography boxes This biography Headings The heading Colour i Most main entry pages have box describes The topic matching systems Natural history data boxes This data box biography boxes that tell you about the work of the headings enable refers to the way On the natural history pages, data boxes gives you key key people who have contributed to physicist Joseph you to see at-a- designers use reference summarize essential information about a key facts about the our knowledge of the subject. The von Fraunhofer. glance which numbers to match the animal featured in the entry. The box contains King Penguin. encyclopedia also has single-page subjects are colours on their work information about the animal's size, diet, habitat, entries on the life and work of more covered within to the colours of lifespan, distribution, and scientific name. than 50 major historical figures. the main entry. printers' inks.

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