i Department of Aeronautical Engineering GRADUATION PROJECT JUNE, 2018 IMPROVING ...

88 Pages·2017·4.73 MB·English

ISTANB UL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY  FACULTY OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS

IM PROVING LANDING PROCEDURES OF COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT FOR
REDUCING FUEL AND TIME CONSUMPTION

GRADUATION PROJECT

Serdar KESİK

Department of Aeronautical Engineering

Thesis Advisor: Prof. Dr. Elbrus CAFEROV
JUNE, 2018

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ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY  FACULTY OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS
IMPROVING LANDING PROCEDURES OF COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT FOR
REDUCING FUEL AND TIME CONSUMPTION

GRADUATION PROJECT
Serdar KESİK
(110130123)

Department of Aeronautıcal Engineering

Thesis Advisor: Prof. Dr. Elbrus CAFEROV

JUNE, 2018

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Serdar KESİK,student of ITU Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics student ID
110130123, successfully defended the graduation entitled “IMPROVING
LANDING PROCEDURES OF COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT FOR REDUCING
FUEL AND TIME CONSUMPTION”, which he/she prepared after fulfilling the
requirements specified in the associated legislations, before the jury whose signatures
are below.

Thesis Advisor : Prof. Dr. Elbrus CAFEROV ..............................
İstanbul Technical University
Jury Members : Doç.Dr.Aytaç ARIKOĞLU .............................
İstanbul Technical University
Dr.Öğr.Üye. Hayri ACAR ..............................
İstanbul Technical University

Date of Submission : 28 May 2018
Date of Defense : 11 June 2018

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To best pilot I have ever met in the world who inspires me, Sully Sullenberger,

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FOREWORD

I would like to thank you my supervisor Prof.Dr. Elbrus Caferov who is Senior Prof.
in five country for his great help, guidance and encouragement during thesis.
I am grateful to one of my best friends Kerem Hafızoğlu to support me about setting
up necessary programs for my graduation project.

June 2018 Serdar KESİK

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD .................................................................................................... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................... vii
ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................... viviii
LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................... ixx
LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................... x
SUMMARY ................................................................................................... xxii
ÖZET ............................................................................................................. xxii
1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1
1.1 Purpose of Thesis ...................................................................................... 1
1.2 Literature Review ..................................................................................... 2
1.2.1 Landing Systems Examination and Continuous Approach .............. 2
1.2.2 New Airport Design for Better Landing ........................................... 9
1.2.3 Project Questions for Next Step ....................................................... 11
1.3 Hypothesis .............................................................................................. 13
2. PROJECT METHODS .............................................................................. 13
2.1 Using Programs ....................................................................................... 13
2.2 Process .................................................................................................... 14
3. IMPROVING IDEA AND ANALYSIS .................................................... 16
3.1 Training Flight ........................................................................................ 18
3.2 Circular Runway Investigation ............................................................... 22
3.3 Flight Analysis ........................................................................................ 36
4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................... 48
4.1 Fuel Consumption ................................................................................... 50
4.2 Timing ..................................................................................................... 52
4.3 General Examination of Landing Procedures and Circular Runway ...... 52
4.4 Comparing Data ..................................................................................... 56
4.4.1 Comparing Different Landing Procedures....................................... 56
4.4.2 Comparing Fuel Flow ...................................................................... 57
4.5 Air Traffic Solution ................................................................................ 61
REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 68
APPENDICES ................................................................................................70
CURRICULUM VITAE ................................................................................ 74

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ABBREVIATIONS
AOM : Aircraft Operations Manual
AP : Auto Pilot
AT : Auto Throttle
ATC : Air Traffic Controller

ATM : Air Traffic Management
CCDA : Circular Continuous Descent Approach
CDA : Continuous Descent Approach
CDU : Computer Display Unit
DME : Distance Measurement Equipment
EUROCONTROL : Organisati on for the Safety of Air Navigation
FAA : Federal Avi ati on Ad mi nistration
FMC : Flight Management Computer
Fpm : Feet per minute
FSX : Flight Simulator X
Ft : Feet
GP : Ground Path
GPS : Global Position System
GS : Ground Speed
Hr : Hour
ICAO : International Civil Aviation Organization
ILS : Instrutment Landing System
Kt : Knot
MCP : Mode Control Panel
MFD : Multi Functional Display
ND : Navigation Display
NDB : Non-Directional Beacon
PFD : Primary Flight Display
SIDs : Standard Instrument Departure
STARs : RoutesStandard Arrival Routes
VOR : Very High Frequence Omni-Directional Range

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LIST OF TABLES

Page
Table 1.1 : Fuel and Flight time savings in the terminal airspace………………......4
Table 3.1 : Obtained data…………………………………………………………..18
Table 3.2 : Comparison of the runway cross section parameters………………......29
Table A.1 : Changing of takeoff speed with temperature and weight for flap 1…...71
Table A.2 : Changing of take off speed with temperature and weight for flap 5…..71
Table A.3 : Changing of %N1 with tempetature and airport altitude………………71
Table B.1 : Maximum Flap Deployment Speeds…………………………………...72
Table B.2 : Climb Profile…………………………………………………………...72
Table B.3 : Standard Climb Rate…………………………………………………...72
Table B.4 : Descent Rate…………………………………………………………...72
Table B.5 : Approach/Landing Speeds……………………………………………..72
Table C.1 : Approach and landing speeds 130,000 Ibs weight aircraft…………….73
Table C.2 : Approach and landing speeds 142,000 Ibs weight aircraft…………….73

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LIST OF FIGURES

Page
Figure 1.1 : Descent profils…………………………………………………………..2
Figure 1.2 : Average fuel and flight time saved at the four airports…………………4
Figure 1.3 : Flaw of continuous approach…………………………………………...4
Figure 1.4 : İstanbul Atatürk airport STARs chart…………………………………..5
Figure 1.5 : İstanbul Atatürk airport arrival aircraft…………………………………6
Figure 1.6 : İstanbul Atatürk airport arrival aircraft…………………………………9
Figure 1.7 : Desing of Circular Runway …………………………………………..10
Figure 1.8 : Circular Runway and aircraft………………………………………….10
Figure 1.9 : Waypoint Adjustment…………………………………………………10
Figure 1.10 : Circular Continuous Descent Approach……………………………...10
Figure 1.11 : Distance for CDA landing…………………………………………....10
Figure 1.12 : Circular runway during landing……………………………………...12
Figure 2.1 : Flight Simulator X………………………………………………..........13
Figure 2.2 : Delta Virtual Airlines ...……………………………………………….14
Figure 2.3 : Turkish Virtual Airlines aircraft……………………………………….15
Figure 3.1 : Whole route……………………………………………………………19
Figure 3.2 : Zoom out whole route…………………………………………………20
Figure 3.3 : Departıre Airport – NICE Côte d'Azur International Airport - LFMN..20
Figure 3.4 : Arrival Airport – İSTANBUL Atatürk Airport - LTBA……………....21
Figure 3.5 : Nice - İstanbul flight graphic……………………………………….....21
Figure 3.6 : Circular runway design………………………………………………..22
Figure 3.7 : Windshare aircraft during landing…………………………………….23
Figure 3.8 : Circular Runway Simulation…………………………………………..24
Figure 3.9a,b,c : Circular Runway calculation……………………………………..24
Figure 3.10 : To reduce air traffic,the best design of departure and arrival ways….27
Figure 3.11 : Arrival and departure routes in strong wind conditions( >20 kt )…...27
Figure 3.12 : Circular runway slope………………………………………………..28
Figure 3.13 : An idea of circular runway design with slope………………………..28
Figure 3.14 : Aircraft wing span position…………………………………………..28
Figure 3.15 : Relative airport costs………………………………………………....29
Figure 3.16 : Four Parameters Changing by the Time……………………………...32
Figure 3.17 : Flight Route………………………………………………………......32
Figure 3.18 : Route - Google Earth…………………………………………………33
Figure 3.19 : Landing Part - Google Earth…………………………………………33
Figure 3.20 : Landing Part - Google Earth - 3D……………………………………34
Figure 3.21 : Flight data on Google Earth route……………………………………34
Figure 3.22 : Four Parameters Changing by the Time……………………………...35
Figure 3.23 : Flight Route…………………………………………………………..36
Figure 3.24 : Landing Part - Google Earth…………………………………………36
Figure 3.25 : Landing Part - Google Earth - 3D……………………………………37
Figure 3.26 : Landing Part - Google Earth - 3D Continuous Descent View……….37
Figure 3.27 : Four Parameters Changing by the Time……………………………...38
Figure 3.28 : Flight Route…………………………………………………………..39
Figure 3.29 : Landing Part - Google Earth…………………………………………39
Figure 3.30 : Landing Part - Google Earth - 3D……………………………………40
Figure 3.31 : Landing Part - Google Earth - 3D – Another View………………….40
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