Hypothalamic Integration of Energy Metabolism, Proceedings of the 24th International Summer School of Brain Research, held at the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences

431 Pages·2006·10.32 MB·English

by  A. Kalsbeek

PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH
VOLUME 153
HYPOTHALAMIC INTEGRATION OF ENERGY METABOLISM
i
OthervolumesinPROGRESSINBRAINRESEARCH
Volume122: TheBiologicalBasisforMindBodyInteractions,byE.A.MayerandC.B.Saper(Eds.)–1999,ISBN0-444-50049-9.
Volume123: PeripheralandSpinalMechanismsintheNeuralControlofMovement,byM.D.Binder(Ed.)–1999,ISBN0-444-50288-2.
Volume124: CerebellarModules:Molecules,MorphologyandFunction,byN.M.Gerrits,T.J.H.RuigrokandC.E.DeZeeuw(Eds.)
–2000,ISBN0-444-50108-8.
Volume125: TransmissionRevisited,byL.F.Agnati,K.Fuxe,C.NicholsonandE.Sykova´ (Eds.)–2000,ISBN0-444-50314-5.
Volume126: Cognition,EmotionandAutonomicResponses:theIntegrativeRoleofthePrefrontalCortexandLimbicStructures,by
H.B.M.Uylings,C.G.VanEden,J.P.C.DeBruin,M.G.P.FeenstraandC.M.A.Pennartz(Eds.)–2000,ISBN0-444-
50332-3.
Volume127: NeuralTransplantationII.NovelCellTherapiesforCNSDisorders,byS.B.DunnettandA.Bjo¨rklund(Eds.)–2000,
ISBN0-444-50109-6.
Volume128: NeuralPlasticityandRegeneration,byF.J.Seil(Ed.)–2000,ISBN0-444-50209-2.
Volume129: NervousSystemPlasticityandChronicPain,byJ.Sandku¨hler,B.BrommandG.F.Gebhart(Eds.)–2000,ISBN0-444-
50509-1.
Volume130: AdvancesinNeuralPopulationCoding,byM.A.L.Nicolelis(Ed.)–2001,ISBN0-444-50110-X.
Volume131: ConceptsandChallengesinRetinalBiology,byH.Kolb,H.Ripps,andS.Wu(Eds.)–2001,ISBN0-444-50677-2.
Volume132: GlialCellFunction,byB.CastellanoLo´pezandM.Nieto-Sampedro(Eds.)–2001,ISBN0-444-50508-3.
Volume133: TheMaternalBrain.Neurobiologicalandneuroendocrineadaptationanddisordersinpregnancyandpostpartum,by
J.A.Russell,A.J.Douglas,R.J.WindleandC.D.Ingram(Eds.)–2001,ISBN0-444-50548-2.
Volume134: Vision:FromNeuronstoCognition,byC.CasanovaandM.Ptito(Eds.)–2001,ISBN0-444-50586-5.
Volume135: DoSeizuresDamagetheBrain,byA.Pitka¨nenandT.Sutula(Eds.)–2002,ISBN0-444-50814-7.
Volume136: ChangingViewsofCajal’sNeuron,byE.C.Azmitia,J.DeFelipe,E.G.Jones,P.RakicandC.E.Ribak(Eds.)–2002,
ISBN0-444-50815-5.
Volume137: SpinalCordTrauma:Regeneration,NeuralRepairandFunctionalRecovery,byL.McKerracher,G.DoucetandS.
Rossignol(Eds.)–2002,ISBN0-444-50817-1.
Volume138: PlasticityintheAdultBrain:FromGenestoNeurotherapy,byM.A.Hofman,G.J.Boer,A.J.G.D.Holtmaat,E.J.W.
VanSomeren,J.VerhaagenandD.F.Swaab(Eds.)–2002,ISBN0-444-50981-X.
Volume139: VasopressinandOxytocin:FromGenestoClinicalApplications,byD.Poulain,S.OlietandD.Theodosis(Eds.)–2002,
ISBN0-444-50982-8.
Volume140: TheBrain’sEye,byJ.Hyo¨na¨,D.P.Munoz,W.HeideandR.Radach(Eds.)–2002,ISBN0-444-51097-4.
Volume141: Gonadotropin-ReleasingHormone:MoleculesandReceptors,byI.S.Parhar(Ed.)–2002,ISBN0-444-50979-8.
Volume142: NeuralControlofSpaceCoding,andActionProduction,byC.Prablanc,D.Pe´lissonandY.Rossetti(Eds.)–2003,
ISBN0-444-509771.
Volume143: BrainMechanismsfortheIntegrationofPostureandMovement,byS.Mori,D.G.StuartandM.Wiesendanger(Eds.)–
2004,ISBN0-444-51389-2.
Volume144: TheRootsofVisualAwareness,byC.A.Heywood,A,D.MilnerandC.Blakemore(Eds.)–2004,ISBN0-444-50978-X.
Volume145: AcetylcholineintheCerebralCortex,byL.Descarries,K.Krnjevic´ andM.Steriade(Eds.)–2004,ISBN0-444-51125-3.
Volume146: NGFandRelatedMoleculesinHealthandDisease,byL.AloeandL.Calza` (Eds.)–2004,ISBN0-444-51472-4.
Volume147: Development,DynamicsandPathologyofNeuronalNetworks:FromMoleculestoFunctionalCircuits,byJ.VanPelt,
M.Kamermans,C.N.Levelt,A.VanOoyen,G.J.A.RamakersandP.R.Roelfsema(Eds.)–2005,ISBN0-444-51663-8.
Volume148: CreatingCoordinationintheCerebellum,byC.I.DeZeeuwandF.Cicirata(Eds.)–2005,ISBN0-444-51754-5.
Volume149: CorticalFunction:AViewFromtheThalamus,byV.A.Casagrande,R.W.GuilleryandS.M.Sherman(Eds.)–2005,
ISBN0-444-51679-4.
Volume150: TheBoundariesofConsciousness:NeurobiologyandNeuropathology,byStevenLaureys(Ed.)–2005,ISBN0-444-51851-7.
Volume151:NeuroanatomyoftheOculomotorSystem,byJ.A.Bu¨ttner-Ennever(Ed.)–2006,ISBN0-444-51696-4.
Volume152:AutonomicDysfunctionAfterSpinalCordInjury,byL.C.WeaverandC.Polosa(Eds.)–2006,ISBN0-444-51925-4.
ii
PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH
VOLUME 153
HYPOTHALAMIC INTEGRATION
OF ENERGY METABOLISM
Proceedingsofthe24thInternationalSummerSchoolofBrainResearch,heldattheRoyalNetherlandsAcademyof
Arts andSciences, Amsterdam,The Netherlands 29August–1 September2005
EDITED BY
A. KALSBEEK
NetherlandsInstituteforBrainResearch,Meibergdreef33,1105AZAmsterdam,TheNetherlands
E. FLIERS
AcademicMedicalCenter,UniversityofAmsterdam,DepartmentofEndocrinologyandMetabolism,
Meibergdreef9,1105AZAmsterdam,TheNetherlands
M.A. HOFMAN
D.F. SWAAB
E.J.W. VAN SOMEREN
R. M. BUIJS
NetherlandsInstituteforBrainResearch,Meibergdreef33,1105AZAmsterdam,TheNetherlands
AMSTERDAM – BOSTON – DUSSELDORF – LONDON – NEW YORK – OXFORD
PARIS – SAN DIEGO – SAN FRANCISCO – SINGAPORE – SYDNEY – TOKYO
iii
Elsevier
Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,TheNetherlands
TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UK
Firstedition2006
Copyrightr2006ElsevierB.V. Allrightsreserved
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem
ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeanselectronic,mechanical,photocopying,
recordingorotherwisewithoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher
PermissionsmaybesoughtdirectlyfromElsevier’sScience&TechnologyRights
DepartmentinOxford,UK:phone[phone];fax[phone];
email:[e-mail]tyourrequestonlineby
visitingtheElsevierwebsiteathttp://elsevier.com/locate/permissions,andselecting
ObtainingpermissiontouseElseviermaterial
Notice
Noresponsibilityisassumedbythepublisherforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersons
orpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuse
oroperationofanymethods,products,instructionsorideascontainedinthematerial
herein.Becauseofrapidadvancesinthemedicalsciences,inparticular,independent
verificationofdiagnosesanddrugdosagesshouldbemade
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN-13:978-0-444-52261-0(thisvolume)
ISBN-10:0-444-52261-1(thisvolume)
ISSN:0079-6123(series)
InternationalSummerSchoolofBrainResearch(24th:2005:Amsterdam,Netherlands)
Hypothalamicintegrationofenergymetabolism:proceedingsofthe24thInternational
SummerSchoolofBrainResearch,heldattheRoyalNetherlandsAcademyofArtsand
Sciences,Amsterdam,theNetherlands,29August-1September2005.
(Progressinbrainresearch;v.153)
1.Hypothalamus-Congresses
I.TitleII.Kalsbeek,A.
612.80262
ISBN-13:9780444522610
ISBN-10:0444522611
ForinformationonallElsevierpublications
visitourwebsiteatbooks.elsevier.com
PrintedandboundinTheNetherlands
06 07 08 09 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
iv
List of Contributors
R.S.Ahima,DepartmentofMedicine,DivisionofEndocrinology,DiabetesandMetabolism,Universityof
Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
S.F.Akana, Department ofPhysiology,Box0444, UniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco,513Parnassus,
HSW-747, San Francisco, CA 94143-0444, USA
A. Alkemade, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of
Amsterdam and Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Meibergdreef 33, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
P. Barrett, Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
M.E. Bell, Department of Physiology, Box 0444, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus,
HSW-747, San Francisco, CA 94143-0444, USA
S.Bhatnagar,DepartmentofPhysiology,Box0444,UniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco,513Parnassus,
HSW-747, San Francisco, CA 94143-0444, USA
N.Bos,NetherlandsInstituteforNeurosciences,Meibergdreef47,1105BAAmsterdam,TheNetherlands
R.M. Buijs, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Meibergdreef 33, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
C. Cailotto, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Meibergdreef 33, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
P.E.Cryer,DivisionofEndocrinology,MetabolismandLipidResearch,andtheGeneralClinicalResearch
Center and the Diabetes Research and Training Center, Washington University School of Medicine,
Campus Box 8127, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
M.F. Dallman, Department of Physiology, Box 0444, University of California San Francisco, 513
Parnassus, HSW-747, San Francisco, CA 94143-0444, USA
I.S. Farooqi, Departments of Medicine and Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Adden-
brooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
H.L.Fehm,MedizinischeKlinikI,Universita¨tLu¨beck,RatzeburgerAllee160,D-23538Lubeck,Germany
C. Fekete, Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian
Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1083, Hungary and Tupper Research Institute and Department of
Medicine,DivisionofEndocrinology,DiabetesandMetabolism,Box268,TuftsNewEnglandMedical
Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
E. Fliers, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of
Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
T.-M. Fong, Department of Metabolic Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 Lincoln Avenue,
Rahway, NJ 07065
L.Fu,DepartmentofMolecularandHumanGenetics,BoneDiseaseProgramofTexas,BaylorCollegeof
Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
A.B. Ginsberg, Department of Physiology, Box 0444, University of California San Francisco, 513
Parnassus, HSW-747, San Francisco, CA 94143-0444, USA
A.P. Goldstone, Imaging Sciences Department, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine
Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 ONN, UK
v
vi
V.D. Goncharuk, Cardiovascular Research Center, Moscow, Russia
X.-M. Guan, Department of Metabolic Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 Lincoln Avenue,
Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
A.Guijarro,SurgicalMetabolismandNutritionLaboratory,NeuroscienceProgram,UniversityHospital,
SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
M.H. Hastings, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK
M.A. Hofman, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
T.L. Horvath, Section of Comparative Medicine, and Departments of Ob./Gyn. & Reproductive Sciences
andNeurobiology,YaleUniversitySchoolofMedicine,375CongressAveLSOG339,NewHaven,CT
06520, USA
H.Houshyar,DepartmentofPhysiology,Box0444,UniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco,513Parnassus,
HSW-747, San Francisco, CA 94143-0444, USA
A. Kalsbeek, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Meibergdreef 33, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
A. Kanatani, Tsukuba Research Institute, Banyu, Japan
G. Karsenty, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor
Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
W. Kern, Medizinische Klinik I, Universita¨t Lu¨beck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lu¨beck, Germany
F. Kreier, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Meibergdreef 33, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
S.E. La Fleur, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Meibergdreef 33, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
K.C. Laugero, Department of Physiology, Box 0444, University of California San Francisco, 513
Parnassus, HSW-747, San Francisco, CA 94143-0444, USA
A.Laviano,DepartmentofClinicalMedicine,UniversityofRomea‘LaSapienza’,Vialedell’Universita37,
00185 Rome, Italy
R.M. Lechan, Tupper Research Institute and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology,
Diabetes and Metabolism, Box 268, Tufts New England Medical Center and Department of Neuro-
science, Tufts University School of Medicine, 750 Washington Street, Boston, MA 2111, USA
D. MacNeil, Department of Metabolic Research, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 Lincoln Avenue,
Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
E.S. Maywood, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK
M.M. Meguid, Surgical Metabolism and Nutrition Laboratory, Neuroscience Program, University
Hospital, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
J.G. Mercer, Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
P.J. Morgan, Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
R. Nargund, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 Lincoln Avenue,
Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
J. O’Neill, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK
M.S. Patel, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Bone Disease Program of Texas, Baylor
College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
N.C. Pecoraro, Department of Physiology, Box 0444, University of California San Francisco, 513
Parnassus, HSW-747, San Francisco, CA 94143-0444, USA
A. Peters, Medizinische Klinik I, Universita¨t Lu¨beck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lu¨beck, Germany
Y. Qi, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of
Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
A.B. Reddy, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK
vii
A.W. Ross, Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
M. Ruiter, Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Meibergdreef 33, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
C.B. Saper, Department of Neurology, and Program in Neuroscience, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical
Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
F.A. Scheer, Medical Chronobiology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
U. Schibler, Department of Molecular Biology, Sciences III, University of Geneva, 30, Quai Ernest
Ansermet, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
N.S.Singhal,NeuroscienceGraduateGroup,UniversityofPennsylvaniaSchoolofMedicine,Philadelphia,
PA 19104, USA
D. Spanswick, Division of Clinical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick, Cov-
entry CV4 7AL, UK
A.Strack,DepartmentofPharmacology,MerckResearchLaboratories,126LincolnAvenue,Rahway,NJ
07065, USA
A.M.Strack,DepartmentofPhysiology,Box0444,UniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco,513Parnassus,
HSW-747, San Francisco, CA 94143-0444, USA
D.F. Swaab, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
M. van den Top, Division of Clinical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, The University of Warwick,
Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
L.H.T. Van Der Ploeg, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, MRL B3-406, Boston,
MA 02115, USA
E.J.W.VanSomeren,NetherlandsInstituteforNeuroscience,Meibergdreef47,1105BAAmsterdam,The
Netherlands
J.P. Warne, Department of Physiology, Box 0444, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus,
HSW-747, San Francisco, CA 94143-0444, USA
W.M.Wiersinga,DepartmentofEndocrinologyandMetabolism,AcademicMedicalCenter,Universityof
Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
G.K.Y. Wong, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK
C. Yi, Netherlands Institute for Neurosciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
This page intentionally left blank
viii
Preface
The 24th International Summer School of Brain Research was held in Amsterdam from August 29 to
September 1, 2005 at the Auditorium of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW).
The Summer School was organized by the Netherlands Institute for Brain Research (NIBR), one of the
institutes of the KNAW, according to a long-standing biennial tradition. The history of the NIBR dates
backtothebeginningofthelastcentury.AtthemeetingoftheInternationalAssociationofAcademiesheld
inParisin1901,theanatomistWilhelmHisproposedthatresearchonthenervoussystemshouldbeplaced
on an international footing. In 1904 this resulted in the formation of the International Academic Com-
mitteeforBrainResearch,whichsetitselfthetaskof‘‘yorganizinganetworkofinstitutions throughout
thecivilizedworld, dedicatedtothestudyofthestructureandfunctionsofthecentralorgan y’’.Several
governments responded to this ambition by founding brain research institutes, among which was the
Netherlands(Central)InstituteforBrainResearch,whichopeneditsdoorson8June1909.ProfessorC.U.
Arie¨nsKappers(1877–1946)becamethefirstdirectoroftheinstitute,apositionhehelduntilhisdeath.In
honorofitsfirstdirectortheinstitutedecidedtocreatetheC.U.Arie¨nsKappersAward,whichduringthis
SummerSchoolwaspresentedtoDr.CliffordB.Saper(Boston,USA)forhisoutstandingachievementsin
decipheringtheneuroanatomyofthemammalianhypothalamusanditsintricatepathwaysinvolvedinthe
control of behavior and physiology of the organism.
The focus of this 24th Summer School was on the mammalian hypothalamus, and especially its in-
volvement in the physiology and pathology of the control of energy metabolism. The awareness of the
importantroleofthehypothalamusinfoodintakeandenergymetabolismdatesbackto1840,whenMohr
described a case of hypothalamic obesity associated with a rapid gain of body weight in a patient with a
pituitary tumor. It was only after 100 years, however, that the animal experiments of Hetherington and
Ranson in 1940 showed that obesity resulted from lesions restricted to the hypothalamus, independent of
pituitarydamage.Ourunderstandingofthehypothalamiccontrolofenergymetabolismwasgivenasecond
boostanother50yearslater,whenFriedmanetal.in1994discoveredtheleptingene,i.e.thelongsoughtfor
hormonal factor from the adipose tissue that informs the brain, and especially the hypothalamus, about
peripheral fat stores. More recently it has become clear that, in addition to leptin, many more peripheral
signalsfeedbacktothehypothalamusinordertoenableittomonitorthestatusofperipheralenergystores
and fuel availability. Thus, although the key function of the hypothalamus in energy metabolism was
already clear a long time ago, a more detailed understanding of the hypothalamic pathways involved and
theirneurochemicalmake-uphaveonlyevolvedinthepastfewyears.Mainquestionisstill,however,how
the hypothalamus is able to integrate all the ‘‘sensory’’ information from the internal and external en-
vironment and to fine-tune the integrated information with the intricate balance between the needs and
demands of different physiological systems. For this reason the focus of interest in the present volume of
Progress in Brain Research is on the following topics: (1) the emerging role of the hypothalamus in the
controlofenergymetabolism,(2)thehypothalamicsensingofmetabolicfactors,(3)theintegrativeroleof
the hypothalamus in thyroid and bone metabolism, (4) the interaction between circadian information and
energy metabolism, and (5) the important interplay between the immune system, energy metabolism and
the autonomic nervous system.
ix