Human Rights Obligations of Non-State Actors

641 Pages·2006·2.63 MB·English

by  Andrew Clapham

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The Collected Courses of the Academy of European Law
Series Editors: Professor Gráinne de Búrca,
Professor Bruno de Witte, and
Professor Francesco Francioni,
European University Institute,
Florence
Assistant Editor: Barbara Ciomei, European University
Institute, Florence
VOLUME XV/1
Human Rights Obligations of Non-State Actors
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The Collected Courses of the Academy of European Law
Edited by Professor Gráinne de Búrca,
Professor Bruno de Witte, and Professor Francesco Francioni
Assistant Editor: Barbara Ciomei
This series brings together the Collected Courses of the
Academy of European Law in Florence. The Academy’s mission is to
produce scholarly analyses which are at the cutting edge of the two
fields in which it works: European Union law and human rights law.
A ‘general course’ is given each year in each field, by a
distinguished scholar and/or practitioner, who either examines the
field as a whole through a particular thematic, conceptual, or
philosophical lens, or who looks at a particular theme in the context
of the overall body of law in the field. The Academy also publishes
each year a volume of collected essays with a specific theme in each
of the two fields.
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Human Rights
Obligations of
Non-State Actors
ANDREW CLAPHAM
Academy of European Law
European University Institute
1
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3
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Clapham, Andrew.
Human rights obligations of non-state actors / Andrew Clapham.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN-13: 978–0–19–829815–1 (hardback : alk. paper)
ISBN-13: 978–0–19–928846–5 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Human rights. 2. Social responsibility of business. 3. Non-
governmental organizations. I. Title.
JC571.C597 2006
323—dc22
2005031871
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ISBN 0–19–829815–3 (hbk) 978–0–19–829815–1 (hbk)
ISBN 0–19–928846–1 (pbk) 978–0–19–928846–5 (pbk)
1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
The Collected Courses of the Academy of
(p.ii)
European Law Edited by Professor Gráinne de
Búrca, Professor Bruno de Witte, and Professor
Francesco Francioni Assistant Editor: Barbara
Human Rights Obligations of Non-State Actors
Andrew Clapham
Print publication date: 2006
Print ISBN-13: 9780199288465
Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: January 2010
DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199288465.001.0001
The Collected Courses of the
(p.ii)
Academy of European Law Edited
by Professor Gráinne de Búrca,
Professor Bruno de Witte, and
Professor Francesco Francioni
Assistant Editor: Barbara Ciomei
This series brings together the Collected Courses of the
Academy of European Law in Florence. The Academy's mission
is to produce scholarly analyses which are at the cutting edge
of the two fields in which it works: European Union law and
human rights law.
A ‘general course’ is given each year in each field, by a
distinguished scholar and/or practitioner, who either examines
the field as a whole through a particular thematic, conceptual,
or philosophical lens, or who looks at a particular theme in the
context of the overall body of law in the field. The Academy
also publishes each year a volume of collected essays with a
specific theme in each of the two fields.
The Collected Courses of the Academy of
(p.ii)
European Law Edited by Professor Gráinne de
Búrca, Professor Bruno de Witte, and Professor
Francesco Francioni Assistant Editor: Barbara
Ciomei
00-Clapham-Prelims.qxd 27/1/06 01:55 PM Page v
Acknowledgements
Several years ago Ian Brownlie kindly asked me to prepare a second edition of
my book, Human Rights in the Private Sphere; when I began work it transpired
that there was no electronic version of the book. Oxford University Press were
ready to retype the relevant chapters, but I came to realize (helped by Philip
Alston) that the absence of computer files might be a blessing in disguise, it
seemed I had better write a new book. The project took a new turn when I was
asked by Gráinne de Búrca and Bruno de Witte to give the General Course on
Human Rights for the Academy of European Law at the European University
Institute in Florence. This book is the result of the lectures given in Florence
in 2004 and has benefited fromthe challenging and stimulating discussion pro-
voked by the Academy’s participants. I should like to thank all those involved
with the Academy for making the experience so pleasurable. Thank you Bruno,
Philip, and Gráinne for having me, thanks also to Francesco Francioni and
Wojciech Sadurski for their warm hospitality, and a special thank you to Anny
Bremner and Barbara Ciomei for the royal treatment I received during my stay
and in the preparation of this publication. Oxford University Press has provided
encouragement and wonderful editorial assistance throughout the publication
process. I should like to thank John Louth, Gwen Booth, Rowena Lennon,
Rebecca Smith, and Alison Floyd for their hard work and patience.
I have been lucky to be able to work on this project with talented students
from the Graduate Institute of International Studies. At an early stage Silvia
Danailov helped me to research and define the context for a study of non-state
actor obligations under international law, her continuing interest in the topic is
helping to shape thinking about the recruitment of child soldiers and to find
new ways of holding armed groups accountable. Later on, Michelle Healy
worked on the manuscript, skilfully adjusting the prose, and improving the
argumentation. In the final stage Claire Mahon cast an expert eye over the whole
manuscript. Thank you Silvia, Michelle, and Claire for all your input.
I should also like to thank those friends and colleagues who have invited me
to try out the ideas developed in this book on various audiences, and then
encouraged me to continue to look for new ways of thinking about the prob-
lem. Thank you Ben Emmerson, Walter Kälin, Jonathan Cooper, Mary
Robinson, Bill Schabas, and Susan Marks for giving me the opportunity to air
some of these ideas. Lastly, special thanks to my wife Mona Rishmawi, whose
unfailing support ensured that the book was written, and whose human rights
insights have certainly improved the final product.
A.B.C.
Graduate Institute of International Studies,
Geneva
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Table of Cases
AFRICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN AND PEOPLES’ RIGHTS
Commission Nationale des Droits de l’Homme et des Libertés v Chad
(Comm. 74/92) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .433–434
Mouvement Burkinabé des Droits de l’Homme et des Peuples v Burkino Faso
(Comm. 204/97) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .434
Social and Economic Rights Action Centre v Nigeria (Comm. 155/96) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .434–436
COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
Angonese v Cassa di Risparmio di Bolzano SpA (Case C–281/98)
[2000] All ER (EC) 577; [2000] ECR I–4139; [2000] 2 CMLR 1120 . . . . . . . . . . . . .191–192
Defrenne v SA Belge de Navigation Aerienne (SABENA) (Case C–43/75)
[1981] 1 All ER 122; [1976] ECR 455; [1976] 2 CMLR 98 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191
Elliniki Radiophonia Tileorassi AE (ERT) v Dimotiki Etairia Pliroforissis (DEP)
(Case C–260/89) [1991] ECR I–2925; [1994] 4 CMLR 540 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183–184
Eugen Schmidberger Internationale Transporte Planzuge v Austria (Case C–112/00)
[2003] ECR I–5659; [2003] 2 CMLR 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184
Friedrich Stork & Co v High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community
(Case C–1/58) [1959] ECR 17; [1959] ECR 433 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182
Hauer v Land Rheinland-Pfalz (Case C–44/79) [1979] ECR 3727; [1980] 3 CMLR 42;
(1981) 3 EHRR 140 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182
J Nold Kohlen- und Baustoffgrosshandlung v Commission of the European Communities
(Case C–4/73) [1975] ECR 985; [1974] ECR 491; [1974] 2 CMLR 338 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182
Marleasing SA v La Comercial Internacional de Alimentacion SA (Case C–106/89)
[1990] ECR I–4135; [1993] BCC 421; [1992] 1 CMLR 305 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .504–505
Marshall v Southampton and South West Hampshire AHA (No 1) (Case C–152/84)
[1986] QB 401; [1986] 2 WLR 780; [1986] 2 All ER 584; [1986] ECR 723;
[1986] 1 CMLR 688 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192
NV Algemene Transport- en Expeditie Onderneming van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse
Administratie der Belastingen (Case C–26/62) [1963] ECR 1; [1963] CMLR 105 . . . . . . .190
Racke GmbH & Co v Hauptzollamt Mainz (Case C–162/96) [1998] ECR I–3655;
[1998] 3 CMLR 219 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181
Von Colson v Land Nordrhein-Westfahlen (Case C–14/83) [1984] ECR 1891;
[1986] 2 CMLR 430 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192–193
Wachauf v Germany (Case C–5/88) [1989] ECR 2609; [1991] 1 CMLR 328 . . . . . . . . .182–184
Walrave v Association Union Cycliste Internationale (Case C–36/74)
[1974] ECR 1405; [1975] 1 CMLR 320 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .190–191
Webb v EMO Air Cargo (UK) Ltd (Case C–32/93) [1994] QB 718; [1994]
3 WLR 941; [1994] 4 All ER 115; [1994] ECR I–3567; [1994] 2 CMLR 729 . . . . . .193, 505
EUROPEAN COMMISSION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Ahmed v Austria (report of July 5, 1995) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377
Altun v Germany (App. 10308/83) (1983) 5 EHRR CD611; (1985) 7 EHRR CD154 . . . . . .376
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xvi Table of Cases
App. 10018/82 v Ireland and United Kingdom (Unreported, March 7, 1982) . . . . . . . . . . . . .360
Ayuntamient de M v Spain (App. 15090/98) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .478
Ayuntamiento de Mula v Spain (App. 55346/00) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .478
Baggs v United Kingdom (App. 9310/81) (1987) 9 EHRR CD235 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .390
Baumgartner v Austria (App. 23085/93) (May 15, 1996) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .383
BBC v United Kingdom (App. 25798/94) (1996) 21 EHRR CD93 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .478
BBC Scotland etal v United Kingdom (App. 34324/96) (October 23, 1997) . . . . . . . . . . . . .483
Earl Spencer v United Kingdom (App. 28851/95) (1998) 25 EHRR CD105 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400
H v United Kingdom (1986) 48 D&R 258 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369
M & Co v Federal Republic of Germany (App. 13258/87, 64 D & R 138) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187
Osman v United Kingdom (Report of July 1, 1997) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362–3
Rothenthurm Commune v Switzerland (App. 13252/87) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .478
Twenty-One Detained Persons v Federal Republic of Germany
(App. 3134/67, 3172/67, 3188–3206/67) 27 Collection 97 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .381
W v Ireland (App. 9360/81) 32 D & R 211 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359–60
W v United Kingdom (App. 9348/81) 32 D & R 190 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359–60
Whiteside v United Kingdom (March 7, 1994) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .388
X and Y v Netherlands (App. 8978/80) (1986) 8 EHRR 235 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .370, 387, 390
X v Ireland (App. 6040/73) (1974) 44 CD 121 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359
X v Netherlands (App. 9322/81) 32 D&R 180 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382
EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
A v United Kingdom (1999) 27 EHRR 611 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356–357, 373
Ahmed v Austria (1997) 24 EHRR 278 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343, 377
Akkoç v Turkey (2002) 34 EHRR 51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366
Albert v Belgium (Case A/58) (1983) 5 EHRR 533 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .384
Appleby v United Kingdom (2003) 37 EHRR 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412–413, 417, 439
Arnott v United Kingdom (App. 44866/98) (November 7, 2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400
Calvelli v Italy (January 17, 2002) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .370
Chahal v United Kingdom (1997) 23 EHRR 413; 1 BHRC 405 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
Costello-Roberts v United Kingdom (A/247–C) [1994] (1995)
19 EHRR 112 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .355–356, 358, 373, 382, 388, 420, 467
Cyprus v Turkey (May 10, 2001) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .353–354
D v United Kingdom (1997) 24 EHRR 423; 2 BHRC 273 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .340
E v United Kingdom (2003) 36 EHRR 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .373
Deumeland v Germany (A/100) [1996] 8 EHRR 448 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .384
Edwards v United Kingdom (2002) 35 EHRR 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .367–368
Ergi v Turkey (2001) 32 EHRR 18; [1998] HRCD 726 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366–367
Feldbrugge v Netherlands (A/99) 8 EHRR 425 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .384
Garaudy v France (Admissibility) (App. 15814/02) (Unreported, July 8, 2003) . . . . . . . . . . . .409
Guerra v Italy (1998) 26 EHRR 357 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .390, 392
Gustafsson v Sweden (1996) 22 EHRR 409 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .415, 417, 420, 441
Hatton v United Kingdom (2003) 37 EHRR 28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .358, 390, 420
HLR v France (1998) 26 EHRR 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .377–379
Holy Monasteries v Greece (A/301–A) (1995) 20 EHRR 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82, 407
James v United Kingdom (A/98) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .552
Kaya v Turkey (1999) 28 EHRR 1; [1998] HRCD 291 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365
Kokkinakis v Greece (A/260–A) (1994) 17 EHRR 397 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405
Krone Verlag GmbH & Co KG v Austria (2003) 36 EHRR 57 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .397
Lingens v Austria (No.2) (A/103) (1986) 8 EHRR 407 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .546