History of Civilizations of Central Asia - Vol. 5: Development in Contrast : from the Sixteeth to the Mid-Nineteenth Century

934 Pages·2004·13.42 MB·english

by  Chahryar Adle

History of civilizations of Central Asia
Volume I
The dawn of civilization:
earliest times to 700 B.C.
Volume II
The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations:
700 B.C. to A.D. 250
Volume III
The crossroads of civilizations:
A.D. 250 to 750
Volume IV
The age of achievement:
A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century
Part One
The historical, social and economic setting
Part Two
The achievements
Volume V
Development in contrast:
from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century
Volume VI
Towards contemporary civilization:
from the mid-nineteenth century
to the present time
H i s t o r y o f
c i v i l i z a t i o n s
o f C e n t r a l
A s i a
Volume V
Development in contrast:
from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century
Editors: Chahryar Adle and Irfan Habib
Co-Editor: Karl M. Baipakov
M u l t i p l e H i s t o r y S e r i e s
U N E S C O P u b l i s h i n g
The authors are responsible for the choice and the presentation
of the facts contained in this book and for the opinions
expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO
and do not commit the Organization.
The designations employed and the presentation of material
throughout this publication do not imply the expression
of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning
the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or
of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation
of its frontiers or boundaries.
Published in 2003 by the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization
7 place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP
Compiled by I. Iskender-Mochiri
English text edited by Jana Gough
Composed by Compo-Méca sarl, 64990 Mouguerre (France)
Printed by Ages Arti Grafiche, Turin (Italy)
ISBN 92-3-103876-1
© UNESCO 2003
PRE FACE OF THE
DIRE CTOR-GEN ERAL OF UN ESCO
The preparation of the History of Civilizations of Central Asia under-
taken by the International Scientific Committee began in 1980. This
scholarly team, composed of 19 members until 1991 and just 16 mem-
bers after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, comes from the region of Cen-
tral Asia (as defined by UNESCO) and from other parts of the world. They
are responsible for the preparation of this six-volume work, which covers the
period from the dawn of civilization to the present day.
More than three hundred scholars, mostly from the Central Asian region,
have contributed to this major work, which is now nearing completion with
the publication of the present volume. For each scholar who has invested his
or her knowledge and expertise in this great undertaking, the work on this
History has been a difficult task since Central Asia is a complex region, com-
posed of a variety of cultural entities and influences that have undergone major
changes over the centuries.
Today, in an era of rapid globalization, it is increasingly vital to find ways
to respect the world’s cultural diversity while also recognizing our shared
human values. The UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity
adopted by the General Conference at its thirty-first session is a major step
towards finding avenues of dialogue between peoples living on our planet. We
know that human beings forge their identity through the cultures which have
enriched them. Their sense of worth and personal dignity very much lies in
the recognition by the other of the special contribution that each and all –
women and men, majorities and minorities – have made to weaving the rich
tapestry of the world’s civilizations. Indeed, civilizations are fertile mixtures
and all borrowed from one another well before the advent of our age of elec-
tronic communications. The term ‘civilization’ must denote a universal, plural
and non-hierarchical phenomenon, since every civilization has been enriched
by contact and exchange with others. History is a shared experience.
Preface
The historical relationship existing between nomadic and sedentary peo-
ples, living in quite different environments – steppes and oases – played a key
part in shaping the cultural diversity of Central Asia and made an important
contribution to its originality. To what extent and in what ways did the same
influences affect different societies and fulfil different functions in extremely
varied environments? In this work, we find numerous examples of diverse cul-
tures living together, distinguishable but nevertheless sharing a common heri-
tage. Therefore, this work strongly attests that each and every culture has
made its own distinct contribution to the common heritage of humankind, as
recalled in the words of the great Iranian poet and philosopher Saadi Shirazi
several hundred years ago: ‘All human beings are like organs of a body; when
one organ is afflicted with pain, others cannot rest in peace.’ The History of
Civilizations of Central Asia illustrates perfectly the wealth of diversity and
the foundation it provides of a shared future. Today, we are faced with a new
challenge: to make of that diversity an instrument for dialogue and mutual
understanding.
Koïchiro Matsuura
CONTENTS
Description of the project
M. S. Asimov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Members of the International Scientific Committee . . . . . . . . . 19
List of contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Editors’ note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Introduction
The Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1 The khanate (emirate) of Bukhara
Part One:
The Shaybanids
R. G. Mukminova . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Part Two:
The Janids (Astarkhanids)
R. G. Mukminova . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Part Three:
The Manghits
A. Mukhtarov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2 The khanates of Khiva and Kokand and the relations between the khanates
and with other powers
Part One:
The khanate of Khiva (Khwarazm)
M. Annanepesov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Part Two:
Ferghana and the khanate of Kokand
H. N. Bababekov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Part Three:
Relations between the khanates and with other powers
M. Annanepesov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3 The Kazakhs
K. M. Baipakov and B. E. Kumekov . . . . . . . . . . 89
4 The Kyrgyz
T. Tchoroev (Chorotegin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5 The Turkmens
M. Annanepesov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
6 The Dzungars and the Torguts (Kalmuks), and the peoples of southern Siberia
Part One:
History of the Dzungars: introductory survey
J. Miyawaki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Part Two:
The Dzungars and the Torguts (Kalmuks) in China
Bai Cuiqin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Part Three:
The peoples of southern Siberia in the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries
L. R. Kyzlasov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
7 The Tarim basin
Ma Dazheng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
8 The Mongols
N. Ishjamts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
9 The Pamirs, Badakhshan and the trans-Pamir states
Part One:
The Pamirs and Badakhshan
H. S. Pirumshoev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Part Two:
The trans-Pamir states
A. H. Dani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
10 Persia during the period of the Safavids, the Afshars and the early Qajars
E. Eshraghi
Part One:
The Safavids (1501–1722) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Part Two:
The Afshars, a short-lived military empire (1736–47), and the Zand regime
(1747–94) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Part Three:
The early Qajars at the threshold of the modern world
(1795–1848) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
11 Afghanistan
Mir Hussain Shah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
12 The Mughal empire and its successors
M. Athar Ali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
13 International relations
Part One:
Inter-state relations (c. 1500–1850)
Iqtidar A. Khan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Part Two:
Colonialism and Central Asia
Irfan Habib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
14 Society
Part One:
Social structure
Nomadic societies
The Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Sedentary societies
S. Moosvi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Part Two:
The status of women
Transoxania
A. Tabyshalieva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Iran
S. Moosvi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
India
S. Moosvi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366