History of civilizations of Central Asia, v. 4: The Age of achievement

474 Pages·2010·4.57 MB·English

ISBN 978-92-3-103467-1 CONTENTS
Contents
PREFACE 11
DESCRIPTIONOFTHEPROJECT 14
MEMBERSOFTHEINTERNATIONALSCIENTIFICCOMMITTEE
(inalphabeticalorder) 17
MEMBERSOFTHEINTERNATIONALSCIENTIFICCOMMITTEE(since
1993) 18
MEMBERSOFTHEREADINGCOMMITTEE 19
LISTOFCONTRIBUTORS 20
INTRODUCTION 22
MuhammadSeyfeydinovichAsimov
(A¯SIMI)InPiamMemoriam 26
1 CENTRALASIAUNDERTHEUMAYYADS 27
THE APPEARANCE OF THE ARABS IN CENTRAL ASIA UNDER THE
UMAYYADSANDTHEESTABLISHMENTOFISLAM . . . . . . . 28
CentralAsiaontheeveoftheArabincursions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
TheappearanceoftheArabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
CENTRALASIAUNDERTHEEARLYcABBASIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
ThecourseofthecAbbasidrevolutionanditssignificance . . . . . . . . . . . 30
TheaftermathofthecAbbasidrevolutionandthefallofAbu¯ Muslim . . . . . 36
TheconsolidationofcAbbasidpower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Political,socialandsectariandissentintheearlycAbbasidperiod . . . . . . . 41
Theachievementofadegreeofstabilityunderal-Ma’mu¯n . . . . . . . . . . 45
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2 SECTARIANANDNATIONALMOVEMENTS 47
TheKharijitemovement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
CurrentsofShicism:theKaysa¯niyyaandtheHa¯shimiyya . . . . . . . . . . . 51
HeterodoxMuslimandneo-Mazdakitemovements:al-Muqannac,Ba¯bak,and
others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
ThelaterdevelopmentofShicism:
theTwelvers,theZayd¯ısandtheIsmacilis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
ThebeginningsofthedisintegrationofthecAbbasidcaliphateintheeast . . . 63
3 THESTATESOFTHEOGHUZ 66
TheOghuz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
TheKimek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
TheKïpchak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4 THESAMANIDSTATE 83
ThecreationoftheSamanidstate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Thesystemofgovernment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
ThenatureofpoliticalauthorityundertheSamanids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Crafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Domesticandexternaltrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Materialculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Intellectuallife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
CentralAsiaandtheIsmacilimovement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
The ethnic composition of the Samanid state and the creation of an Eastern
Persian-Tajikethnicidentity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5 THEGHAZNAVIDS 102
TheprehistoryoftheGhaznavids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
TheEstablishmentofSebüktegininGhazna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
ThesuccessionofMahmu¯d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
ThezenithoftheempireunderMahmu¯d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Mascu¯dandtheSeljuqs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
ThenatureandstructureoftheGhaznavidstate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Culturalandintellectuallife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Agricultureandtrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
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6 THEKARAKHANIDS 125
SourcesforKarakhanidhistory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
TheconquestofTransoxaniabytheKarakhanids:thedivisionintoappanages 126
ThetwoKarakhanidKhanates;thepolicyofIbra¯h¯ımb.NasrTamghachKhan 133
Karakhanids,SeljuqsandKaraKhitay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
TheKarakhanidsandtheKhwarazmShahMuhammadb.Tekish . . . . . . . 141
Iqta¯csandthestructureofthestate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Townsandtrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
7 THESELJUQSANDTHEKHWARAZMSHAHS 150
THEORIGINSOFTHESELJUQSANDTHEESTABLISHMENTOFSELJUQ
POWERINTHEISLAMICLANDSUPTO1055 . . . . . . . . . . . 151
THECONSOLIDATIONOFTHESELJUQSULTANATEINIRAN . . . . . 161
Historicalsurvey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
ThestructureoftheSeljuqstateintheeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
THE EASTERN SELJUQ SULTANATE (1118–57) AND THE RISE AND
FLORESCENCEOFTHEKHWARAZMSHAHSOFANU¯SHTEGIN’S
LINEUPTOTHEAPPEARANCEOFTHEMONGOLS(1097–1219) 167
Historicalsurvey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
ThestructureoftheeasternSeljuqstate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
ThestructureoftheKhwarazmianstate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
8 THEGHURIDS 182
TheregionofGhurandthebeginningsofIslamization . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
TheriseoftheGhuridsasanindependentpower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
TheapogeeoftheGhuridsultanate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
TheBamiyanamirate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
TheGhuridsultanateasaworldpower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
ThepoliticalandsocialorganizationoftheGhuridstate . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Culturaldevelopments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
9 THEUIGHURS,THEKYRGYZANDTHETANGUT(EIGHTHTOTHE
THIRTEENTHCENTURY) 196
THEUIGHURSINMONGOLIAANDTHEKYRGYZ . . . . . . . . . . . 196
THEUIGHURKINGDOMOFKOCHO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
THETANGUTHSIHSIAKINGDOM(982–1227) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
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10THEWESTERNHIMALAYANSTATES 221
TheTrakha¯ndynastyofGilgit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
TheMaglotrulingfamilyofNager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
TheAyashrulingfamilyofHunza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
TheKatorroyalfamilyofChitral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Baltistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
RelationswithTibet,Kashghariaandthetrans-Pamirregions . . . . . . . . . 227
RelationswithKashmir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Long-termsocio-economicdevelopments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Socio-religiousdevelopments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
11THEKITANANDTHEKARAKHITAY 232
TheriseoftheKitan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
TheriseoftheKaraKhitay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
12THEMONGOLSANDTHEIRSTATEINTHETWELFTHTOTHETHIR-
TEENTHCENTURY 248
Thesocio-economicandpoliticalsituation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
ChinggisKhanandthefoundingoftheMongolstate . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
ChinggisKhan’scampaignsofconquest:ThefoundationoftheMongolempire 257
TheMongolempireduringthereignofChinggisKhanr’ssuccessors . . . . . 259
TheYüanempireoftheMongolsanditsfall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
13CENTRALASIAUNDERTHERULEOFSUCCESSORS 265
14THEDELHISULTANATE 273
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SULTANATE IN THE THIRTEENTH
CENTURY AND THE NATURE OF THE NEW STRUCTURES IN
INDIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Qutbal-D¯ınAybak(1206–10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Shamsal-D¯ınIltutmish(1210–36) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Na¯sir al-D¯ın Mahmu¯d (1246–66) and Ghiya¯th al-D¯ın Balban (Ulugh Kha¯n)
(1266–87) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
TheendofTurkishsupremacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Jala¯lal-D¯ınF¯ıru¯zKhalj¯ı(1290–6)andc Ala¯ ’al-D¯ınKhalj¯ı(1296–1316) . . . 277
Incomelevelsamongtherulingandscholarlyélites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
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Agrarianconditionsinthefourteenthcentury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Thepoliticalstructureofthestate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Socialandeconomicdevelopments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
THEDELHISULTANATE,1316–1526 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
TheTughluqids(1320–1412) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
TheSayyids(1414–51) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
TheLo¯d¯ıs(1451–1526) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
15THE REGIONS OF SIND, BALUCHISTAN, MULTAN AND KASHMIR:
THEHISTORICAL,SOCIALANDECONOMICSETTING 297
THERULERSOFSIND,BALUCHISTANANDMULTAN(750–1500) . . . 298
The cAbbasid period and the Fatimid interlude (mid-eighth to the end of the
tenthcentury) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
ThePeriodoftheGhaznavidandGhuridSultanates(eleventhandtwelfthcen-
turies) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Theeraofthelocalindependentstates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
KASHMIRUNDERTHESULTANSOFTHESHA¯HM¯IRDYNASTY . . . 310
16CENTRALASIATIMUR1370 323
FormationofTimur’sempire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
TheSarbadarmovement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
BalkhandSamarkandunderTimur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
ReorganizationofTimur’sarmy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
Timur’smilitarycampaigns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Socio-economicconditionsunderTimur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Urbandevelopment,craftsandtrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
RelationswithwestEuropeanrulers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Thesuccessionstruggle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
17THETIMURIDSTATESINTHEFIFTEENTHANDSIXTEENTHCEN-
TURIES 350
TheaftermathofTimur’sdeath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
TheruleofUlughBeg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
ThepowerstrugglefollowingSha¯hRukh’sdeath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Therealmdivides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Agriculture,livestockandhunting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Landownershipandtaxation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
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Towns,handicraftsandtrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Revolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
The Dasht-i Kïpchak at the end of the fifteenth century and the beginning of
thesixteenth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
18POPULAR MOVEMENTS, RELIGIOUS TRENDS AND SUFI INFLU-
ENCEONTHEMASSESINTHEPOST-cABBASIDPERIOD 367
ReligiousgroupsoftheMiddleEastinearlyIslamictimes . . . . . . . . . . 367
TheriseofSufismandtheSufiordersinCentralAsia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Socio-religiousandpolitico-religiousmovements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
SufiordersinIndia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
TheMahdaw¯ımovement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
19SOCIO-ECONOMICDEVELOPMENT:FOODANDCLOTHINGINEAST-
ERNIRANANDCENTRALASIA 383
THE EASTERN ISLAMIC LANDS, FROM IRAN TO THE FRONTIERS
WITHCHINA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Foodanddiet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Dress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
MONGOLIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Shelter,craftsanddress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Foodanddiet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
20COINAGEANDTHEMONETARYSYSTEM 395
CENTRALASIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Coinageandthecirculationofmoneyfromtheeighthtothetenthcentury . . 396
Coinage and the circulation of money from the eleventh century to the begin-
ningofthethirteenth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
CoinageandthecirculationofmoneyundertheMongols(thirteenthandfour-
teenthcenturies) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Coinage and the circulation of money in Transoxania under Timur and the
Timurids(latefourteenthandfifteenthcenturies) . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
AFGHANISTAN,PAKISTANANDNORTHERNINDIA . . . . . . . . . . 417
CONCLUSION 425
MAPS 426
7
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BIBLIOGRAPHYANDREFERENCES 439
GLOSSARY 464
INDEX 466
HistoryofcivilizationsofCentralAsia 474
8
ISBN 978-92-3-103467-1 History of Civilizations of Central Asia
History of Civilizations of Central Asia
The age of achievement:
. . 750 to the end of the fifteenth century
A D
Volume IV
PartOne
Thehistorical,socialandeconomicsetting
Editors: M. S. Asimov and C. E. Bosworth
MultipleHistorySeries
UNESCOPublishing
9
ISBN 978-92-3-103467-1 COPYRIGHT
Theauthorsareresponsibleforthechoiceandthepresentationofthefactscontainedin
thisbookandfortheopinionsexpressedtherein,whicharenotnecessarilythoseof
UNESCOanddonotcommittheOrganization.
Thedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialthroughoutthispublication
donotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartofUNESCO
concerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,or
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CompiledbyI.Iskender-Mochiri
EnglishtexteditedbyJanaGough
ComposedbyÉditionsduMouflon,94270LeKremlin-Bicêtre(France)
PrintedbyImprimerieDarantiere,21800Quétigny(France)
Publishedin1998bytheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCultural
Organization7placedeFontenoy,75352Paris07SP
ISBN92-3-103467-7
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