HISTORY AND EPONYMY OF THE GENUS NAME AMSONIA (APOCYNACEAE)

2004·4.2 MB·English

by  James S Pringle

HISTORYANDEPONYMYOFTHEGENUSNAME
AMSONIA(APOCYNACEAE)
JamesS.Pringle
RoyalBotanicalGardens
P.O.Box399
Hamilton,Ontario,CanadaL8N3H8
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
ThegenusAmsoniawasnamedlorPrJohnAnison,apliysicianinWilhamsburg.Virginia,inthe
mid-nineteenthcentury.
RESUMHN
FdgeneroAmsonialuenombradopor13r.JohnAmson.unmedicodeWilliamsburg,Virginia,enla
mitaddelsiglodiezynueve.
AmsoniaWalterisagenusofabouttwentyspeciesnativetoNorthAmerica
andeasternAsia,ofwtiichthebestl<nownisA.tabernacmontanaWalter,the
easternbluestarThenameAmsoniawasfirstappliedtothatspeciesbyJohn
ClaytonofGloucester,incolonialVirginia,inthe17-50s,andeversincethattime
uncertaintyhaspersistedandstatementshavedifferedastoitsderivationor
eponymy.
ClaytondidnotincludethenameAmsoniainthemanuscriptthathesent
totheDutch botanistJohanFrederikGronox'ius,muchofwhichGronovius
(1739)incorporatedintohisFloraVirginica.AtthattimeClaytonthoughtthat
thebluestarmightbeconsideredaspeciesolNerium(oleander),anddesignated
it"Anon^-mirsSujjrrutt'v/()/ii.sSalitisakerni,s...Nernspecie-s"."Hegaveitthename
Amsoniainthelatermanuscript(notextant)ontheplantsolVirginiathathe
senttoPeterCollmsoninHnglandm1757,butthatworkwasneverpublished.
HealsoincludedthenameAmsoniawithspecimensandseedsthathesentto
BritishandEuropeanbotanists.StilllaterClaytonproposedadilferentname
fortheeasternbluestar,basedonthelormoltheseeds,butthatnamelikewise
remainedunpublished.Bythen,thenameAmsoniahadbecomeinseparably
associatedwiththisspecies,whichhadquicklybecomepopularinBritishhor-
ticulturefollowingitsintroductionasAmsoniabyPhilipMillerin1759(Smith
1819;Berkeley&Berkeley1963,1982).
Linnaeusreceivedadescriptionoftheeasternbluestarfromhisformerstu-
dentDanielC.Solanderin1761.Solander,whowaslivinginLondonatthetime,
hadbased thisdescriptionon plantshehadseenin thegardensof Peter
'ContributionNo.112fromtheRoyalBotanicalGardens,Hamilton,Ontario,Canada.
SIDA21(1):379-387.2004
380 BRIT.ORG/SIDA21(1)
CollinsonandJamesGordon,supplementedwithinlormationfromClayton's
manuscript.HeinformedI^^innaeustliatClaytonhadcafledthespeciesAm.sonid,
butaddedthat"whencethenamewastakenIknownot,"nordidanyof the
botanistsinLondonandvicinityofwhomhehadinquired;theybelieved"that
Clayton nameditforsomeoneinNorth America"(letterfromSolanderto
Linnaeus16November1761,excerptedbyBerkeley&Berkeley1963).In1762
Linnaeusreceivedasketchandinformationontheeasternbluestarfromthe
botanicalartistGeorgDionysiusEhret,withapromiseofspecnnenstobesent
viaSolander(Calmann1977).Lhrethadbeenapproachedwithregardtoillus-
tratingtheworkthatClaytonhadsenttoCoUinson,andhadstudiedspecimens
collectedbyClayton.Laterthat year lannaeus(,1762)named thespecies
TahernacmontanaAmsonia.
The'^Anonymu:^Suffrutcx"wasdesignatedClayton306byGronovius,but
nosuchspecimenisintheClaytonherbariumnowatBM.TheLinnaeanher-
bariumattheNaturalHistoryN4useuminStockholm(S-LINN)containsaspeci-
menoftheeasternbfuestarfromtheherbariumofClasAlstromer,whohad
acquireditfromAndreasDahl.ItisLabeled"TabernaemontanaAmsonia"and
"DahlaLinneP"inDahlshandwriting,indicatingthatDahlhadreceivedit
fromLinnaeushimself(Lindman1908).Itw^^sperhapspartofacollectionmade
byClaytonandgiventoLinnaeusbyLhretorGronovius,oritmayhavebeen
obtainedbySolanderfromacultivatedplant.
AmsoniawaspublishedasagenusnamebyThomasWalterin1788.The
nameofthetypespecies,A?7isonit?TahernacmontanaWalter,wasbasedonTaber-
naemontanaAmsoniaL.Waltergavenoderivationoreponymyforthename.
ManyrecentrelerencesstatethatAorsdnicjwasnamedfor"CharlesAmson."
TheearliestassociationolthelorenameCharleswithAmsoniathatIhavefound
wasbyLoudon(1830),accordingtowhomthegenuswasnamedfor"Charfes
Amason[sic],an Americantraveller."ThiseponymylorAnisonia wassoon
adoptedinotherBritishandContinental Europeanreferences.Thesurname
wasalteredto"Amson"byPaxton(1840),\^4"loidentifiedCharlesAmsonas"a
travellerinAmerica."Nicholson0.884J,whosewordinghasbeenretainedin
thesuccessiveeditionsoftheRoyaIHoriitulturaISocietyDictionaryofGarden-
ing,identifiedCharlesAmsonasa"scicntilictravellerinAmerica."
ItmaybepertinenttothecredibilityolthiseponymythatLoudonalmost
certainlywouldhaveseenSmiths0819)accountol theNeotropicalgenus
AmasoniaL.l.(Verbenaceae).AsnotedbySmith,Linnaeusfiliushadstatedthat
Amasoniawasnamed"inmemoryofAmason,atravellerinAmerica"(transla-
tion),whom,accordingtoSmith,"M.[Alexandre]DcThies[had[baptizedTho-
mas."Smithwasskeptical,becausehehad"neverbeenabletolearnanytidings
olsuchaperson."Linnaeusliliusprovidednoforenameorfurtherinlormation,
andmaymerelyhaveassumedthatSouthAmericaslargestriver,thenameof
whichisspelled"Amason"mSwedishandsomeotherEuropeanlanguages,was
PRINGLE,HISTORYANDEPONYMYOFTHEGENUSAMSONIA 381
namedforanexplorer.Loudon,however,havingseenstatementsthatAmasonia
wasnamedforThomasAmason,mayhavefollowedDeThies'sallegedprece-
dentastepfurtherandarbitrarilycoinedthenameCharlesAmason,anddes-
ignatedthatimaginaryperson,likeThomasAmason,"anAmericantraveller"
OfAmsonia,Smith(1819)saidthat"nopositiveaccountofthemeaningor
origin"olthenamecouldbegiven,notingonlythatithadoriginallybeenbe-
stowedbyClayton.HespeculatedthatthespellingofthenamesAmasoniaand
Amsoniamightrepresentanerror,andthatbothgeneramighthavebeennamed
fortheBritishAdmiralGeorgeAnson,BaronAnsonofSoberton.Rafinesque
(1838,1840)acceptedthiseponymywithnoneofSmith'suncertaintyand"cor-
rected"thespellingto''Ansoniu"butnoothershavedoneso.
TheeponymygivenbyLoudonandPaxtonwasprobablythebasisforGray's
(1856)statement,inthesecondeditionofhisManual,thatAmsoniawas"said
tobenamed(oraMrCharlesAmson."Thatuncertainwordingwasretained
throughthesixtheditionofGray'sManualWood(1861)expandeditto"Dedi-
catedtoCharlesAmson,ofS.Carolina?"Thespeculativeadditionwasnotex-
plained,butmayhavebeenmadebecausethegenusnamewaspublishedby
Walter,whosebotanicalactivityhadbeenconfinedtoSouthCarolina.Britton
andBrown(1896)statedwithnosuchreservationthatthegenuswasnamed
"forCharlesAmsono(SouthCarolina."Thatwordingwassoonadoptedinother
Americanpublications.
Woodson(1928)wasskepticalaboutreferencesto"CharlesAmson."He
consultedencyclopedicandhistoricalreferencesandmadeincjuiriesofhistori-
calsocietiesinVirginiaandtheCarolinas,andfoundnoevidencethatany
CharlesAmsonhadlivedortraveledinVirginiaortheCarolinasduringthe
colonialperiodorcontributedtotheknowledgeoftheirnaturalhistory.Like-
wise,usingmorerecentbiographicalreferencesandpublicationsfromthathis-
tory-consciousregion,aswellasinternetsearchengines,1foundnorecordof
anyCharlesAmsoninthosecoloniesduringtheiSthcentury(exceptasthe
supposedeponym.of Amsonia). Norliave1foundanymentionofeitherof
Loudon's"travellers"inanyothercontext.Consequently,IshareSmith's,Gray's,
andWoodson'sskepticismabouttheirhavingexisted.Hadtheylivedandex-
ploredthewildsoftheAmericas,itseemsunlikelythattheycouldsogreatly
haveimpressedClaytonandLmnaeusfilius,andatleasthavebeenknownto
Loudon,yetsocompletelyhaveescapedtheattentionofhistoriansandbiogra-
phers.Athoroughsearchwouldbecomplicatedbytheapparentlyindepen-
dentoriginsofthesurnameAmasoninEnglandandScandinavia.Evenifthese
Amasonsexisted,however,thereisampleevidence,presentedbelow,thatthe
apocynaceousgenusAmsoniawasnotnamedforeitlierolthem.
TheeadiestextantindicationthatAmsoniawasnamedforaphysicianis
inaletterwritten30December1759byEhret(Berkeley&Berkeley1963),who
hadprobablyseenwordstothateffectinClayton'smanuscriptorcorrespon-
382 BRIT.ORG/SIDA21(1)
dcnce. Apparentlynot distinguishing between Carolinaand Virginiaas
Clayton'splaceofresidence,hewrotethatAinsoniahadbeennamed"perhaps
foradoctorinCarolina."
AnindicationoftheeponymyotAmsoniabyClaytonhimselfappearsina
letterfromhimtothePhiladelphiabotanistJohnBartramdated1September
1760,inwhichhesaidthathehadpreviouslyproposedthattheplantbenamed
Amsonia"foradoctor,here"(WilliamandMaryCollegeQuart.Hist.Mag.,ser.3,
6:319.1926;Woodson1928).WoodsoninferredfromClayton'suseof"here"that
Amsoniahadbeennamedfor"aphysicianofGloucesterCounty,Virginia."He
addedthat"regardinghiscompletename,orthepositivespellingothisfamily
name,doubtstillremains."Thesameletterwasprobablythebasisforthestate-
mentsbyRobinsonandFernald(1908)andFernald(1950),intheseventhand
eightheditionsol GraysManualthatAtnsoniawas"NamedlorDrAmson,
physicianolGloucester,Virginia,in1760,andIriendotJohnClayton."Combi-
nationsof"CharlesAmson,"fromLoudon,l^axton.Gray,andBrittonandBrown,
and"physician"and"Virginia,"from Robinson,Fernald,andWoodson,have
cometoprevailinrecentpublications.
BerkeleyandBerkeley(1963,1982)loundIromasourceonVirginiamedi-
cal history(Blanton 1931)that Dr.John Amson had been practicingin
Williamsburg.Virginia,in1751.Thev(1982)concludedthat"Clavtonhadnamed
thenewgenusAmsoniainhonorolhisfriendDrJohnAmsonolWilliamsburg."
1havenotfoundthisinlormationrepeatedbyanymorerecentbotanicalauthors.
TheBerkeleysloundoneotherpublishedrelerencetothisDrAmson,which
notedonlythatheIrequentlyusedtheexpression"neitherhere northere."
Present-daysearchengines,althoughnotprovidingallstandardbiographical
data,doleadtoturtherinformationabouttheDr.AmsonwhowasClayton's
contemporaryincolonialVirginia.
RecordsintheArchivesolColonialWilliamsburg,compiledandannotated
byN4aryA.Stephenson(1961),coniirmtheBerkeleys'lindingthatJohnAmson,
a"DoctorotPhysic,"livedandpracticedmWilliamsburginthemid-18thcen-
turv.ClavtonwouldhaveconsideredWilliamsbure,ca.22kmawavacrossthe
YorkRiverinJamesCityandYorkcounties,nearenoughtoGloucesterto]us-
tilytheuseol"here"mwritingtoBartraminI'hiladelphia,especiallysincehe
hadspentpartofhisyouthinWilliamsburgandmembersofhisfamilylivedthere.
IhavefoundnocleliniteinlormationonthisDrAmsonsgenealogyorhis
lilcprioi'tohispracticingmedicinemWilliamsburg.Recordscompiledbythe
ChurchofJesusChristol Latter-Da\'Saintsprovidelimiteddataonalewindi-
vidualsnamedJohnAmsonwholivedinHnglandandScotlandduringthe1irst
40yearsofthe18thcentur\',butnodataonanyonebythatnameincolonial
Virginia.TherecordperhapsmostlikelytoberelevantisthatolJohnAmson,
osonneoylealr,ammesSta.nSdepMualrcgharreetChzuArmscohn,,Lwohnodownas(wbhaeprteizCeadp2t4ai]nulJyoh1n699S,miatththoelaegaerlofy
PRINGLE,HISTORYANDEPONYMYOFTHEGENUSAMSONIA 383
Virginiahistoryhadbeeninterred).Thetimeand(niviewof datapresented
below)thecountryFit,butneverthelessitisbynomeanscertainthatthiswas
thesameJohnAmson.
Akhoughanfinghshoriginisnotunhkely,thenameAmsondoesnotap-
pearinMunk'sRollofthemembersoftheRoyalCoflegeofPhysicians.How-
ever,sincethesurnameisnotcommon,itdoesseemprobablethatDrJohn
AmsonofcolonialVirginiawastheJohnAmson,M.D.,whoreceivedthatde-
greefromtheuniversityatRheims(nowReims),France,2September1722.Such
credentialswouldhavebeenimpressiveincoloniafAmerica,consistentwith
theapparentreputation(below)ofDrAmsonofWilliamsburgasoneol the
"bestPhysicians"inVirginia.Thisrecordisiromalistol earlystudentsIrom
theBritishIslesatmedicalschoolsincontinentalEurope,compiledbyI3rHarold
TSwan(1996).Thiscompilationwasbasedonmanuscriptnotesthathadbeen
mthepossessionofthemedicalhistorianDlRobertW.InnesSmithatthetime
ofhisdeathin1933(originalsattheUniversityofSheffield).Asidefromthe
datanotedabove,itstatesonlythatthisJohnAmsonwasEnglish,asdistin-
guishedfromScottishorIrish.AccordingtoDrSwan(pers.comm.11April2003),
InnesSmith'snotescontainnothingfurtheronAmson.Heconsidersitunlikefy
thatInnesSmithfoundadditionalinformationatReims,becausemanyolthe
university'srecordsfromtherelevanttimehadbeendestroyed,presumably
duringtheFrenchRevolution.
IhavenotfoundwhenAmsonarrivedinAmerica,ilinfacthewasofEn-
glishbirth.TheearliestrecordolhispresenceinVirginiathat1haveencoun-
teredisfrom1738,whentheestateofthelateDrChadesBrownofWilliamsburg
retrievedabookthatAmsonhadbonowed(romBrown'slibrary(James1895).
AphysicianinWilliamsburgin1738couldhardlyhaveavoidedthecontro-
versyassociatedwithJohnTennent,a''practitionerolmedicine"inthatcity(Blan-
ton1931;Jellison1963).Tennentsdomesticmedicalmanual,EveryManHisOwn
Doctor,washighlypopularbutsomephysiciansquestionedhiscompetenceand
objectedtohispursuitoffinancialrecognitionfrompublicfunds.Inparticular,
hisadvocacyoftheuseofFolygalasenegaL.becameobsessive,andhisreactions
towardthosewhotookissuewithhimbecameintemperate.Hefeltthatphysi-
cianswhoheldmedicaldegreesIromEuropeanuniversitieswereunjustiliably
disdainfulofthosewhohadobtainedtheirqualificationsthroughapprentice-
shipandindependentstudyIhavefoundnorecordofAmson'sinvolvementin
thiscontroversy.Inoneofhisstatementsinhisowndefense,however,Tennent
(1738)impliedthatmedicaldegreeswereawardedtoofreelyatRheims.alleging
thatonehadinadvertentlybeenbestoweduponahorse.Rheimsmaybychance
haveprovidedananecdotethatTennentconsideredsuitableforhispurposes,but
onewondersifsomeonewithadegreefrom Rfieimswasamongthosewhom
Tennentperceivedasahostilemedicalestablishment.
In1746,Amsonboughtthepropertyidentifiedasl^its212-217,Block36,
iM BRIT.ORG/SIDA21(1)
CityofWillamsburg,CountyolYork,fromThomasJones,nephew-in-lawof
thenaturahstMarl<Catesby.TheselotsattheintersectionofBoundaryandScot-
landstreetshadbeensonumberedbytheTrusteesfortheLandwhenthecity
waslaidout.Muchlatertheyincludedthesiteof"Wheatlands,"thehomeof
theartistGeorgiaO'Keeteduringherlateteens.Thepropertyincludedatleast
onehouseplusoutbuildingswhenitwasacquiredbyAmson.fieownedand
residedonthispropertyuntilhisdeath.Aboutf75fhepurchasedfromHenry
Tyler180acresoflandjustoutsidetheWilliamsburgcitylimits(Stephenson
1961).AswellasbeingaphysicianAmsonappearstohavebeenaplanter,or
gentlemanfarmer,asmenprimarilyassociatedwithotherenterprisesorpro-
fessionsoltenweremcolonialtimes.Atleastasearlyas1746hewasanalder-
man(Stephenson1954),andm1750-1751hewasmayorofWilliamsburg(Bodie
etal.ca.1999).
In1758then-ColonelGeorgeWashingtonhadbeenillforsometime,prob-
ablywithdysentery,althoughhewasconcernedthathemighthaveconsump-
tion.HetraveledfromMountVernontoWilliamsburg"toreceivetheAdviceof
thebestPhysicians,"andthereconsultedDrAmsonon15March(Fitzpatrick
1931-1944,includingaletterfromWashingtontoColonelJohnStanwyx,5
March1758).Fitzpatrick,ineditingWashington'spapers,commentedthat
Washington"seemstohavereceivedthepropertreatment,forhewasabletobe
backtohiscommandatFortLoudonApril5."Amsonmayalsohavetreated
DanielParkeCustis,whosewidowWashingtonsubsequentlymarried;hewas
listedamongthecreditorsofCustissestate,althoughDr.JamesCarterwasre-
cordedashavingbeentheattendingphysicianduringCustts'slastillness
(Stephenson1959;Abbot1988).
AfewotherreferencestoDr.JohnAmsonofWilliamsburgappearmhis-
toricalsources.Hewasamongthe"officialsofthegovernmentofVirginia"who
signedanoathofallegiancetoKingGeorgeII(Virginia...l738-1752),probably
havingdonesouponbecomingaldermanormayorYorkCountyrecordsindi-
catethatasof21September1747hewaspayingtaxesonfive"tithables,"i.e.,
indenturedslaves(Stephenson1961).Hisnameappearsintheaccountbookof
theYorktownmerchantWilliamLightfoot(Lightfoot1740-1764),andhewas
oneofthosewhoprovedthewillofPhilipLightfootin1748(Tyler1894).The
juristJohnBlairrecordedhavingvisitedAmson'sgardens24March1751(Tyler
1899),butwrotenothingaboutthegardens.
NeitherMs.StephensonnorIhavebeenabletodeterminethedateof
Amson'sdeath,althoughthewell-indexedVirginiaGazetteusuallypublished
obituariesofprominentWilliamsburgresidents.Hiswillwasprovedmthe
GeneralCourtofVirginia,ofwhichtherecordsfromtherelevantperiodare
notextant(Stephenson196f).HisdeathevidentlyoccurredafterNovember1761,
whenhewaslistedasacreditoroftheestateofJohnParkeCustis,sonofDaniel
(Stephenson1959;Abbot1988),andbeforeJuly1765.Recordsoflandowner-
PRINGLE,HISTORYANDEPONYMYOFTHEGENUSAMSONIA 385
shipincludethatofatransactioninJuly1765inwhichAnneAndersonissaid
tohaveinheritedthesixlotsandthebuildingsthereoninWilliamsburgplus
the180acresoutsidethecityfrom"thelateDrAmson."Mrs.Anderson,who
wasatthattimethewifeofRobertAndersonofWilliamsburg,isthoughtlikely
tohavebeenAmson'sdaughter,orpossiblyhiswidowifshehadsoonremar-
ried,buttherelationshiphasnotbeendetermined(Stephenson1961).Ihave
foundnomentionofanyotherindividualswiththesurnameAmsonineigh-
teenth-centuryWilliamsburgandvicinity.
WhatmaybeAmson'sonlyextantwritingthereforeappearstohavebeen
publishedposthumously,eitherfromahandwrittenheirloomorasareprint
fromanearlierpublication.This(Amson1776)isaprescriptionforthetreat-
mentofwhoopingcough,whichincludedseveralbotanicalingredients,in
quantitiesdeemedappropriateforaboyoften.Thetreatmentbeganwithan
emeticcontainingipecachuanaandoxymelofsquills(Urgineamaritima(L.)
Baker,amildsourceofcardiacglycosides).Thiswasfollowedfirstbychamo-
miletea,thenbyelixirparegoricum(anopiate)inpennyroyalteaandmint
waterThenextdaythetreatmentcalledforgumammoniac(resinfromDorema
ammoniacumD.Don)inpennyroyaltea,mixedwiththejuicepressedfromtwo
hundredwoodliceinwhitewme,withsaffronandhoney.
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