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HISTORICAILY BLACK COLLEGES UNIVERSITIES AND HIGHER EDUCATION DESEGREGATION PDF

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HISTORICALLYBLACKCOLLEGES ANDUNIVERSITIES ANDHIGHEREDUCATIONDESEGREGATION JANUARY1991 U.S.DEPARTMENTOFEDUCATION OFFICEFORCIVILRIGHTS WASHINGTON,D.C. 20202 INTRODUCTION Hmsetdiiaoidensntunstticytihoeaieyersttdeiiuaoctt(riinaHasmoaBldCenllmaUsyifs.nos)tfeseebirwAtdlowesshanarecreaoikdfrtsreo,ebsecsltsoubaatltllcbalrtaklbea,cilgdAksieimHshssteBehiwrCdmoeiUeanrcstnnaaeotdlnb,glsesey.cenuaarennmvirwdPeevahreliittfrlohtho-reyeer perdiunccaitpiaolnmteoanbslafcokrApmreorviicdainnsg.postsecondary TGfoeadroarygb,eeyHBoBunCsdUhstdhmeoussscetriibfnueildtfiitalhllelyeudnsuiecqtau.teiomniPasrlsesiiogdoneanlostf blackcollegesasfollows: AttheiartdiomoerswthoenblmaacnkyAmsecrhiocoalnss,batrhreesde cteodhfouelcltaeohtgnoielsosyen,.obfoafTpreoprrdoiearedytr,ustnthihhetaayvnbekefshotber,eaevanaenndbsr,hoiougmfghothesetrtn .dbrcolaewanpncrkehbsiycegonhtltehlreeageveldaisuwtc,aaalntadinocudnon.myipevotenrehsniitsttiooefrsiAcmsaetlrilil-yl Thtlahihelisenlstigooerwrspiuatcnmwhipheqhirulcoerheletem,afidpasercsaroeicvocintHodo.BmeCpsUlcsiToshanhenasmsieiodnnvettfrehsore,ryvHmiBaeacCtwnaUidrsoronfycawhsiatollhul-eta valid choice in meeting the educational nFoseuftrertdethsnhegerot,fheDmtnehiipennaogrprtaiHmmtBepyCnhUtlsae,ntdofwsnhuoimEnlmdmeauircniaaozstresiisuotrnytihnsegatiuemtdfehefdanottrsta.st higher education programs do not dis- criminateonthebasisofrace. BACKGROUND OF HISTORICALLY BLACK COLLEGES ANDUNIVERSITIES* PriortotheCivilWar, therewasnostruc- tured higher education system for black students. Publicpolicyandcertainstatu- toryprovisionsprohibitedtheeducationof blacksinvariouspartsofthenation. The Institute for Colored Youth, the first hfioguhnedredediuncaCthieoynneiyn,stPietnuntsiyolnvafnoirab,laicnks,183w7a.s Itwasfollowedbytwootherblackinstitu- tions LincolnUniversity, in Pennsylvania ((11885564)),. andWilberforceUniversity, inOhio Although these institutions were called "universities" or "institutes" from their founding, amajorpartoftheirmissionin atnhdeseeacrolnydayreyarsschowoalsintgofporrosvtiuddeenetlsemwehnothaardy nopreviouseducation. Itwasnotuntilthe early 1900s that HBCUs began to offer courses and programs at the postsecondary level. *Informationinthissectioniscontainedin UdC.ieStn.itoernaDleflpoyarrtEBmdleuancctaktiooIfnnstSEitdtauutctiaistotinioscns,,ofTNhaeHtiiogTnhraealr- UE.dSu.caGtoivoenrn(m1e8n60ttPori1n9t8i2n1g(OWfafsihcien,gt1o9n8,5)D..C.: hFioglhleorwinegdutchaetiCoinvilfoWrar,blpaucbklicstsuudpepnotrstwfaosr reflected in the enactment of the Second Melrsiodaetnraunssrtcdttiea-rilstgitlircuoattnneiwAtdoicnsttyhifsnoftsroietrnrmiawstchb1uiilt9tatao8ilec0olk.pnyrsotswvutasidusTeeddhgneeeretnessatgt.sAaalcbtatwlenhAiddefs-rnthgeeeerpqvrdauuenbirtltraehineeddcda bbbnpceiloluaasnarammtssecdcbastbkekeailrrgtueiuinsntisdotsinhefatoseortintdfetsifsutpo.ituurtsnitbmhpoileeAenoirescsnclaisycaAfwhcicertcoprwe,anreeosltirfurlvdeloyapetlttus,;hebiffelgoosinurobecanmlvsdteaeobeecnulddlnktta,aeuhcnwaeakdssrlsp-canlughlnybowradolneaaldirnn1s-c6etda goarnfadfnetrieenddducsoctuorrlislaelesgeisnsu.bajgercitcsuT,lhteusbreuatl,ifmneeswcthiatonufitfcieaorlne,sd college-levelcoursesanddegrees. vtbeeTsPoarunhelrltcecesioostedunsrUqravd.afuataSioagri.vnrle.yni"dgnsSgFeudrbesgpoalrctrrccaghoeeticuogmraksoaeplilotcrnnedooeCdulvoaleiiuslsendsrytgecstppaeht'uubsoesabblomlltilspii1oss,oc8c.ho9feel6eodldcPeuuAldoamcstefeeasc"tnositisitnvshneoaeitspnroeta.ynarsracuaalahcmstnIi--eoednn ttsoicmhpeoro,olvsitdhreeedcuoeclxelpdeagnteshiepornneepeadorfaftoobrrlyabclkaicnsktsrecucocoltnliedoganer.sy ecBIiannynlsrstot1iliC9tlot5uleu3tldtee,i,goienmn,HsoorswMeuaaocsrrhtdehhFUwaoinenusilskvle3e2rUCks,noni0ilo0tvlw0yeen,rgsespMi,tretuiyhdSv,aeparnetrtleHysmaaMmbnewpldetairoc-enk College, andTuskegeeInstitute, aswellas ahostofsmallerblackcollegeslocatedin yseoaurt,heronveran4d3,b0o0r0desrtudsetnattsesw.ereIennrtohleledsamien publicblackcolleges. HBCUsenrolled3,200 students ingraduateprograms. Thesepri- vateandpublicinstitutionsmutuallyserved theimportantmissionofprovidingeducation forteachers, ministers, lawyers, anddoc- torsfortheblackpopulationina racially segregatedsociety. Theadditionofgraduateprograms,mostlyat ppdreuicbnilcsiiicpolnHesBCUoisnf,wPhlrieecsfhslvetchwteaesd"tashperppelaeireadStueptrboeumtgeraegdCuuoaaultr"et andprofessional education. Thedecisions sitnigpufloartbedl:acks(1a)sasosotnataesmiutstproofvfiedredscihtooflo-r whites (Sipuelv. BoardofRegentsofUni- vdeenrtssitymuosftOrkelcaehiovmea,th1e948s)a;me(2t)rebaltamcekntstua-s white students fMcLaurinv. OklahomaState Rfeagceinltisti,es195o0f);coamnpdar(a3b)leasqtuaatleitmyusftorprbovliadcek and white students (Sweatt v. Painter, a19d5m0i)tt.edBlianctko sstoumdeentstraidnictrieoansailnlgylywhwietree graduateandprofessional schools iftheir programofstudywasunavailable atHBCUs. Ineffect,desegregationinhighereducation beganatthepost-baccalaureatelevel. In-1954, theU.S. SupremeCourtdecisionin B"rsoewpnaravt.ebBuoatrdequoafl"Edduoccattriionnearnedjehcetleddthtahte racially segregated schools deprive black cthheilFdoruernteoefntehquAamlenpdrmoetnetctoifonthgeuaUrnaintteededby 4 States Constitution. ThePlessvdecision, whichhadgovernedpubliceducationpolicy tfuorrnemdo.reDestphiatneathehallafn-dcmeanrtkurySu,prweamseoCvoeurr-t dseecgirseigoantedinwitBhropwono,rermofsatcilHiBtCiUess arnedmaibnude-d gets compared with traditionally white ainndstistcuiteinotnisfi.c Lanadckroefseaardcehquaetqeuiplmiebnrtariaensd capabilities placed a serious handicap on many HBCUs. Several of the public HBCUs closed or merged with traditionally white asiftntusedtreintutttshieocnBosrn.otwinnHudoeewdceivestrio,onamtwotasestndrbelnHadBceCkrUescdo.lyleaergse CIVILRIGHTSACTOF1964 TeennacyteeadrsTiatflteerVIthoefBtrhoewnCidveiclisiRoing,htsCoAngcrtesosf 1964 to provide a mechanism for ensuring equal opportunity in federally assisted programsandactivities. InenactingTitle VI,Congressalsoreflecteditsconcernwith the slow progress in desegregating educa- tCioounratl'siBnrsotwintudteicoinssiofn.olloTwiitnlgetVhIeprSoutpercetmse individuals from discrimination based on race,color,ornationalorigin. Passageof the law led to the establishment of the ODfefpiacretmefnotroCfivHielalRtihg,htEsduc(OaCtRi)on,inatnhdeWefloframreer e(mHpEWh)as.isOCinR pthleace1d960istsapnrdimeaarrylyco1m9p7l0isancoen eliminatingunconstitutionalelementaryand secondaryschoolsegregationinthesouthern andborderstates. EARLYCOMPLIANCEACTIVITY INPOSTSECONDARY EDUCATION Nineteen states were operating racially segregatedhighereducationsystemsat the time Title VI was enacted. In 1969-70, after intensive investigative work, OCR notifieda numberof the states that they were in violation of Title VI for having failedtodismantletheirpreviouslyoper- hOaiCtgeRhdersroauecgdihuatcla,tsiywosinttehdmoesusteogfrseughcaictgeihsoesnr,peldsautncasat.teiwoindIen. H1E97W0,foprrivfaatielipnlgainttoiffisnitfiilaetdeseuniftoracgeamiennstt action against the systems under investi- Agdaatmisoncabsye.OCR. Theirsuit isknownasthe oIrnde1r97e7d,thaespfaerdteraolfgtoheveArdnammesntcatsoe,estaabclouirsth new, uniformcriteria forstatewidedeseg- Crreigtaetriioan. SpecIinfyirnegspotnhsee, IOnCgRredipeunbtlsisheofd AcceptablePlanstoDesegregateStateSys- TthemesCorfitPeurbilaicreHciogghneirzeEddutchaetiuonniq(uCerirtoerliea)of. HBCUs through improvements in physical plantsandeguipment, numberandqualityof faculties,andlibrariesandotherfinancial support. The Criteria also called for expandingnonminorityenrollmentatHBCUsby tohfafterianrgeoinnthheiigrhcdaemmpaunsdesoarcaudneamviacilparbolgeramast talhseostwaetreestyostbeem'msadoethteorpcraomvpiudsees.HBCUEsffwoirttsh resourcesthatwouldultimatelyensurethey wdietrieonaatlllyeawshtitecoimnpsatriatbulteiotnoshtahvoisnegastimtirlaa-r missions. UndertheplansacceptedbyOCR,

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