Histology and Cell Biology: An Introduction to Pathology PDF
Preview Histology and Cell Biology: An Introduction to Pathology
http://booksmedicos.org HISTOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY An Introduction to Pathology Fourth Edition http://booksmedicos.org This page intentionally left blank http://booksmedicos.org HISTOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY An Introduction to Pathology Fourth Edition Abraham L. Kierszenbaum, M.D., Ph.D. Emeritus Medical (Clinical) Professor The Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education The City University of New York New York, New York Laura L. Tres, M.D., Ph.D. Emeritus Medical (Clinical) Professor The Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education The City University of New York New York, New York http://booksmedicos.org 1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd. Ste 1800 Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899 HISTOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY: AN INTRODUCTION TO PATHOLOGY ISBN: 978-0-323-31330-8 Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2007, 2002 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diag- noses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kierszenbaum, Abraham L., author. Histology and cell biology : an introduction to pathology / Abraham L. Kierszenbaum, Laura L. Tres. -- Fourth edition. p. ; cm. ISBN 978-0-323-31330-8 (hardcover : alk. paper) I. Tres, Laura L., author. II. Title. [DNLM: 1. Histology. 2. Pathologic Processes. 3. Cell Biology. 4. Pathology. QZ 4] RB25 616.07--dc23 2014038010 Content Strategist: Meghan Ziegler Content Development Specialist: Joanie Milnes Publishing Services Manager: Anne Altepeter Project Manager: Ted Rodgers Cover designer: Xiaopei Chen Printed in Canada Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 http://booksmedicos.org To our daughters Adriana and Silvia To our grandchildren Ryan, Trevor, Kyle, and Marielle To the beloved memory of our parents http://booksmedicos.org This page intentionally left blank http://booksmedicos.org PREFACE The fourth edition of Histology and Cell Biology: An Introduction to Pathology contains revi- sions and additions that strengthen the visual approach to learning histology within the context of cell biology and pathology introduced in the previous editions. New in the fourth edition are a greater emphasis on pathology topics and the online audiovisual version of the histology-oriented Concept Mappings. The combined histology–cell biology–pathology New in the fourth edition are a approach intends to prepare medical students for the forthcoming learning of pathophysiol- greater emphasis on pathology ogy and clinical medicine. The practice of medicine changes relentlessly as new knowledge topics and the online audiovisual becomes known. Future physicians can find in this book the basis for continuing education version of the histology-oriented to better help their patients by constantly integrating basic and clinical sciences. Concept Mappings. The visual approach presented in this book emerged from many years of practicing pathol- ogy and teaching cell biology, histology, and pathology to medical students. Through the years, it became clear the need to communicate and reinforce relevant concepts of histol- ogy and pathology to be mastered under increasing time constraints resulting from changes in the basic science curriculum in most medical schools. The focal point of the teaching approach is to provide medical students with an integrated method wherein the learning of normal structure and pathologic conditions can reinforce each other. The cell biology and The focal point of the teaching approach is to provide medical pathology components, although not complete, provide the necessary foundation for further students with an integrated method learning and integration with medical sciences. Pathology students and residents may find wherein the learning of normal this book useful for refreshing basic concepts of histology and cell biology. Histology and pa- structure and pathologic conditions thology are visually oriented sciences, and the visual cues included in this book can facilitate can reinforce each other. interpretation opportunities in clinical practice. Similar to the previous editions, the fourth edition consists of six parts. Part I brings together histology, cell biology, and general pathology within the context of the basic tissues. Chapter 3, Cell Signaling, is an uncommon section in a histology book. It serves to unify the concept that the study of tissues and organs cannot be separated from molecular biology and general pathology. Parts II through VI present several organ systems grouped by their most relevant function for the purpose of integration. Instructors and students may find the grouping of organs useful for teaching and learning. Teachers may find the material benefi- cial for delivering a lecture using the same or a different presentation sequence. In Part VI, Organ Systems: The Reproductive System, the chapter headings depart from the traditional designation to emphasize prominent functions. All the information is presented in a clear, concise, and student-friendly manner using color graphics and photographs that are meant to be studied. In some cases the graphics reiterate the concise text; in others they add new information complementing or extending the text. Several boxes dispersed in most of the chapters introduce students to clinical and pathologic conditions based on recent and evolv- ing molecular and biochemical knowledge. Most chapters include one or more Concept Mappings. Each Concept Mapping provides Each Concept Mapping provides a a basic framework of interconnected concepts arranged in a hierarchical form leading to basic framework of interconnected integration and critical thinking. Concept Mapping and Essential Concepts highlight key concepts arranged in a hierarchi- issues to remember, correlate, and extend in forthcoming courses during medical education. cal form leading to integration and Students may find the new online audiovisual version of Concept Mappings convenient for critical thinking. reviewing and integrating the material when the time of in-course and board examinations arrives. There are many people to be acknowledged and thanked. We are grateful for the numer- ous suggestions, comments, and encouragements from faculty and students. All of them provided valuable feedback to make the message clearer and more consistent. We also thank publishers who made available to students the Chinese, French, Greek, Japanese, Portuguese, Spanish, and Turkish editions. Our special appreciation goes to the production team of Else- vier in the Philadelphia and St. Louis offices for their magnificent effort in making sure that the fourth edition met high publishing standards. Abraham L. Kierszenbaum and Laura L. Tres vii http://booksmedicos.org This page intentionally left blank http://booksmedicos.org PART I | BASIC TISSUES AND INTEGRATED CELL BIOLOGY SSehcarpeeto oryf tphoer tsioencr:e Utonriyc eplolurltaior no,r 6m1u lticellular, 59 CO AND GENERAL PATHOLOGY Types of secretion, 61 N Chapter 1 EPITHELIUM Mechanisms of secretion, 62 T General classification of epithelia, 1 Plasma membrane and cytomembranes, 63 E Concept Mapping | Types of epithelia, 1 Plasma membrane, 63 N Epithelial cell polarity, 2 Phospholipid bilayer, 63 T S Apical differentiations, 2 Membrane proteins, 64 Cilia, 2 Freeze-fracture: Difference between a surface and a face, 65 Multiple motile cilia, 4 Transporter and channel proteins, 66 Single or primary non-motile cilium, 6 Endoplasmic reticulum, 67 Stereocilia (stereovilli), 6 Rough endoplasmic reticulum, 67 Cell adhesion molecules, 6 Protein synthesis and sorting, 68 Cadherins, 6 Golgi apparatus, 68 Selectins, 9 Functions of the Golgi apparatus, 68 Ig superfamily, 9 Vesicle transport, 70 Integrins,10 Sorting of clathrin-coated vesicles and COP-coated ADAM proteins, 11 vesicles, 70 Cell junctions, 12 Vesicle fusion to a target membrane: NSF and Anchoring junctions, 13 SNARE proteins, 72 Zonula adherens or belt desmosome, 13 Lysosomal sorting pathway: M6P and its receptor, 72 Macula adherens or spot desmosome, 13 Receptor-mediated endocytosis: Cholesterol uptake, 72 Hemidesmosomes, 14 Clinical significance: Familial hypercholesterolemia, 74 Gap junctions or communicating junctions, 14 Lysosomes, 74 Clinical significance: Connexin mutations, 16 Phagocytosis, endocytosis, and macroautophagy, 76 Basement membrane, 16 Clinical significance: Lysosomal storage disorders, 79 Epithelium: Highlights to remember, 18 Mitochondria, 79 Cytoskeleton, 19 Mitochondria participate in apoptosis, steroidogenesis Microfilaments, 20 and thermogenesis, 82 Microtubules, 23 Clinical significance: Mitochondrial maternal Centrosome, 24 inheritance, 82 The axoneme of cilia and flagella, 26 Peroxisomes, 83 Clinical significance: Microtubule-targeted drugs. Clinical significance: Peroxisomal disorders, 84 Sterility, 26 Concept Mapping | Epithelial Glands, 85 Microtubules: Cargo transport and motor proteins, 27 Essential Concepts | Epithelial Glands, 85 Axonal transport, 29 Myosin family of proteins, 29 Chapter 3 CELL SIGNALING Myosin light-chain kinase, 30 Types of cell signaling and feedback action, 89 Intermediate filaments, 30 Hormones and ligands, 89 Hemidesmosomes and intermediate filaments, 34 Steroid hormones, 89 Clinical significance: Skin blistering diseases, 35 Peptide hormones and growth factors, 91 Cell nucleus, 36 Nitric oxide, 91 Nuclear envelope and nuclear pore complex, 36 Neurotransmitters, 92 Nucleocytoplasmic transport: Ran-GTPase, 37 Cell signaling molecules binding, 91 Chromatin, 37 Cell surface receptors, 92 Dosage compensation: X chromosome inactivation, 38 G protein–coupled receptors, 92 Nucleolus, 41 Receptor and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases, 92 Localization of nucleic acids, 43 Cytokine receptors, 94 Cell cycle, 43 Receptors linked to tyrosine phosphatases and Autoradiography and FACS, 44 serine-threonine kinases, 94 Breakdown and reassembly of the nuclear envelope, 46 Major signal transduction pathways, 95 Tumor-suppressor genes: The retinoblastoma model, 47 The cAMP pathway, 95 Clinical significance: Retinoblastoma tumors, 49 The cGMP pathway, 96 Telomerase, senescence, and cancer, 49 The phospholipid–calcium pathway, 96 Mitosis, 49 The calcium–calmodulin pathway, 96 Clinical significance: The p53 signaling pathway, 50 The Ras, Raf, and MAP kinase pathway, 97 Mitosis, 50 The JAK-STAT pathway, 98 Basic Concepts of Medical Genetics, 50 NF-(cid:103)B transcription factor pathway, 98 Chromosomal disorders, 51 The integrin-actin pathway, 98 Mendelian inheritance: Single gene disorders, 52 General Pathology: Specific signaling pathways, 98 Concept Mapping | Human development and genetic General Pathology: Stem cell niches and stemness, 99 diseases, 53 Regenerative medicine by cell reprogramming, 100 Non-mendelian Inheritance, 54 Cell culture, 101 Karyotyping (chromosome analysis), 55 General Pathology: Cellular senescence and cancer, 102 Essential Concepts | Epithelium, 55 General Pathology: Cell and tissue injury, 103 Concept Mapping | Epithelial Differentiation, 56 Concept Mapping | Cell death, necrosis, and apoptosis, 104 General Pathology: Necrosis, 105 Chapter 2 EPITHELIAL GLANDS General Pathology: Apoptosis, 105 Development of epithelial glands, 59 What a nematode worm told us about apoptosis, 107 Classification of epithelial glands, 59 Extrinsic and intrinsic signals of apoptosis, 107 ix HISTOLOGY and CELL BIOLOGY: An Introduction to Pathology
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