Heart & Brain, Brain & Heart

472 Pages·1989·10.95 MB·English

by  K.-E. Andersson

Helge Refsum Ilmar A. Sulg
Knut Rasmussen (Eds.)
HEART BRAIN
~~
BRAIN HEART
~
With 159 Figures, Some in Color
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
Prof. Dr. med. HELGE REFSUM
University of Tromsl/l
Department of Physiology
Institute of Medical Biology
Tromsl/l, Norway
Prof. Dr. med. ILMAR A. SULG
University of Tromsl/l
Department of Neurology
Institute of Clinical Medicine
TromSI/l, Norway
Prof. Dr. med. KNUT RASMUSSEN
University of Tromsl/l
Section of Cardiology
Department of Internal Medicine
Tromsl/l, Norway
ISBN 978-3-642-83458-5 ISBN 978-3-642-83456-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-83456-1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Heart & brain, brain & heart / Helge Refsum,
IImar A. Sulg, Knut Rasmussen (eds.). p. cm. Based on a symposium held at the University of
Tromsl'l, Norway, June 24-27,1987. Includes bibliographies and index. ISBN 0-387-19186-0 (U.S.):
1. Heart - Diseases - Complications and sequelae - Congresses. 2. Brain - Diseases - Complica
tions and sequelae - Congresses. 3. Heart - Physiology - Congresses. 4. Brain - Physiology - Con
gresses. 5. Heart - Innervation - Congresses. 6. Brain - Blood-vessels - Congresses. I. Refsum,
Helge. II. Sulg, IImar A., 1919- . III. Rasmussen, Knut. IV. Title: Heart & brain, brain & heart.
[DNLM: 1. Autonomic Nervous System Diseases - congresses. 2. Cardiovascular Diseases - con
gresses. 3. Central Nervous System Diseases - congresses. WG 100 H4345 1987] RC682.H35
1989 616.1'2 - dc19 DNLMIDLC for Library of Congress 88-39684 CIP
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fall under the prosecution act of the German Copyright Law.
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1989
Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1989
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1989
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Preface
The aim of this book is to focus on the important relationships between the
heart and the brain in health and disease. The brain and nervous system
may cause or influence heart disease, e.g., by causing arrhythmias or modi
fying the response to ischemia. Disorders of the heart and circulation may
cause brain damage, e.g., by releasing emboli resulting in cerebral infarc
tion. Furthermore, both the brain and the heart are frequently targets of
the same disease process. The heart and brain have electrophysiologically
active cells, which may respond in similar ways to diseases and various
interventions. Finally, many drugs affect both the brain and the heart, and
drugs used for heart diseases usually have side effects on the brain and vice
versa.
With today's increasing subspecialization in medicine, we feel the time
has come to present a book that integrates basic and clinical aspects of
cardiology, neurology, cardiovascular surgery, and neurosurgery. We hope
this cross fertilization will broaden horizons and advance both understand
ing and practice.
This book is based on a symposium held at the University of TromS!/l,
Norway, 24-27 June 1987, organized by Ilmar A. Sulg, Knut Rasmussen,
Svein Ivar Mellgren, Dag S!/lrlie, and Helge Refsum of the Departments of
Clinical Neurophysiology, Medicine, Neurology, Surgery, and Physiology,
respectively. Weare grateful to the distinguished group of contributors for
not only outlining their pioneering studies, but also describing their recent
work and indicating important possibilities for the future. The excellent
secretarial work of Elisabeth Richardsen is greatly appreciated.
We hope the book will prove to be of use to a wide variety of clinicians
as well as basic scientists and students.
Troms!/l HELGE REFSUM ILMAR A. SULG KNuT RASMUSSEN
Contents
Part I: Physiology and Pharmacology
Chapter 1
Spasm of Cerebral and Coronary Vessels: Effects of Calcium
Antagonists
K.-E.ANDERSSON, L.BRANDT, and B.LJUNGGREN ...... . 3
Chapter 2
Opioid Peptides and the Cardiovascular System with Especial
Reference to Low Perfusion States
J. R. PARRATI. With 4 Figures .......... . 20
Chapter 3
Cardiac and Cerebral Effects of Local Anesthetics
R. HOTVEDT and H. REFSUM. With 10 Figures .......... 37
Chapter 4
Neurotoxins as Tools in Studying Cardiac Excitation-Contraction
Coupling
U. RAVENS and E. WE'ITWER. With 8 Figures ........... 51
Chapter 5
Adenosine and ATP Interactions with Autonomic Neural Control
of the Heart
A. PELLEG. With 1 Figure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 62
Part II: Autonomic Nervous System and Arrhythmias
Chapter 6
Sympathetic Influences on Arrhythmogenesis in the
Ischemic Heart
K. A. YAMADA, G. P. HEATHERS, S. M. POGWIZD, and P. B. CORR . . .. 79
Chapter 7
Sympathetic Nervous System and Malignant Arrhythmias:
Evidence for Further Links
S.G. PRIORI and P. J. SCHWARTZ. With 6 Figures ...... . 98
Contents VII
Chapter 8
Modulation of Cardiac Arrhythmias by the Autonomic Nervous
System
R. F. GILMOUR JR., J. J. SALATA, and D. P. ZIPES. With 8 Figures . 108
Chapter 9
Supraventricular Tachycardia and the Autonomic Nervous System
D. L. Ross. With 8 Figures ...................... 120
Chapter 10
Heart Rate Changes and ECG Rhythm Disturbances in the Cluster
Headache Syndrome
D. RUSSELL. With 10 Figures ..................... 131
Chapter 11
Blood Pressure Assessment in a Broad Chronobiologic Perspective
F. HALBERG, E. BAKKEN, G. CORNELISSEN, J. HALBERG, E. HALBERG,
and P. DELMORE. With 8 Figures ................... 142
Part III: Syncope and Sudden Death
Chapter 12
Mechanisms of Syncope and of Sudden Death Due to Ventricular
Tachyarrhythmias
G. BREITHARDT, M. BORGGREFE, A. PODCZECK, and A. MARTINEZ-RuBIO
With 8 Figures ............................ 165
Chapter 13
Possible Role of the Fear Paralysis Reflex in Sudden Cardiac Death
B.KAADA. With 3 Figures ...................... 185
Chapter 14
Some Clinical Neurological Aspects of Syncope
O.JOAKIMSEN ............................. 199
Chapter 15
Differential Diagnosis in Syncope and Epilepsy:
Clinical Neurophysiological and Cardiological Aspects
I.A.SuLG. With 1 Figure ....................... 202
Part IV: Thromboembolism and Ischemia
Chapter 16
Thromboembolic Complications in Atrial Fibrillation
J. GODTFREDSEN and P. PETERSEN ................... 225
Chapter 17
Echocardiography and Embolic Sources in the Heart
K.-A.JOHANNESSEN. With 3 Figures .................. 230
VIII Contents
Chapter 18
31p Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Cerebral and
Cardiac Ischemia
M.M.CoHEN, S.J.Kopp, J.W. PEITEGREW, and T. GLONEK ... 239
Chapter 19
Oxygen Radicals in Heart and Brain Tissue Injury
K.YTREHus and O.D.MJ0s. With 8 Figures .. 244
Chapter 20
Prevention of Ischemic Brain Damage Following Cardiac Arrest
L.MoGENSEN .......................... . . . 255
Part V: Sleep and Sleep Apnea
Chapter 21
Influence of Sleep, Activity and Circadian Rhythm on Heart Rate,
QT Interval and Cardiac Arrhythmias
C. GUILLEMINAULT and A. M. GILLIS .................. 263
Chapter 22
Pulmonary Hemodynamics in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndromes
J. KRIEGER, E. WEITZENBLUM, B. REITZER, and D. KURTz. With 1 Figure 272
Chapter 23
Sleep Apnea Syndrome as an Occupational Disease
P. MONsTAD, I. A. SULG, A. K. ROM, T. NISSEN, and S. I. MELLGREN
With 2 Figures ............................ 280
Part VI: Disease in the Cardiovascular and Nervous System
Chapter 24
Concomitant Manifestations of Disease in the Cardiovascular
and Nervous System: An Overview
K. RASMUSSEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Chapter 25
Cardiac Involvement in Kearns-Sayre Syndrome
B. SCHWARTZKOPFF, G. BREITHARDT, M. BORGGREFE, B. LOSSE,
K.-Y. TOYKA, and H. FRENZEL. With 6 Figures ....... . 293
Chapter 26
Some Neurological and Hereditary Aspects of Progressive External
Ophthalmoplegia and Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy
S. I. MELLGREN, T. TORBERGSEN, E.B.MATHIESEN, N.J.BRAUTAsET,
and S. LINDAL. With 3 Figures ............... . .. 311
Chapter 27
Neurological and Cardiological Findings in Systemic Lupus
Erythematosus
R.OMDAL, S. I. MELLGREN, and G.HuSBY ............... 318
Contents IX
Part VII: Hypo-and Hyperbaric Environment
Chapter 28
High Altitude Physiology and Pathophysiology: Medical
Observations During the Norwegian Mount Everest Expedition
K. T. SWKKE. With 3 Figures .............. . . . 327
Chapter 29
Heart and Brain Under Hyperbaric Conditions in Man
A. O. BRuBAKK. With 8 Figures .................... 343
Chapter 30
Effects of Positive End-Expiratory Pressure Ventilation
on Intracranial Pressure and Cerebral Blood Flow
O.HEVR0Y, N.-E.KL0W, 0. NYGAARD, and J.H.TRUMPY
With 3 Figures ............................ 357
Chapter 31
Positive End-Expiratory Pressure and Cardiac Function:
The Role of Extraventricular Constraint
O.A.SMISETH, I. KINGMA, N.W. ScoTI-DoUGLAs, E.RSMITH,
and J. V. TYBERG. With 6 Figures ................... 364
Part VIn: Cerebral Function and Cardiac Surgery
Chapter 32
Neuromonitoring in High Risk Surgery: Physiological Tolerance
Limits for Central Nervous System
I. A. SULG. With 10 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Chapter 33
Monitoring Brain Function During Cardiovascular Surgery:
Hypoperfusion vs Microembolism as the Major Cause
of Neurological Damage During Cardiopulmonary Bypass
E. RJoHN, L.S.PRiCHEP, RJ.CHABOT, and W.O.ISOM. With 9 Figures 405
Chapter 34
Cerebral Blood Flow During Cardiopulmonary Bypass
L.HENRIKSEN. With 7 Figures ..................... 422
Chapter 35
Cerebral Hemodynamics During Nonpulsatile Cardiopulmonary
Bypass
T. LUNDAR. With 7 Figures ...................... 432
Chapter 36
Cerebral Outcome After Open Heart Surgery: A Long-term
Multidimensional Follow-up of Valvular Replacement Patients
K. SOTANIEMI. With 5 Figures ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
x Contents
Chapter 37
Cerebral Protection During Open Heart Surgery:
Clinical, Psychometric, Enzymological, and Radiological Data
T. ABERG. With 3 Figures 452
Subject Index . . . . . . 459