Health Psychology: An Introduction to Behavior and Health PDF
Preview Health Psychology: An Introduction to Behavior and Health
McNeese State University Kent State University Australia Brazil Japan Korea Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United States Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the eBook version. Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Health Psychology: An Introduction to © 2022, 2018, 2014 Cengage Learning, Inc. Behavior and Health, Tenth Edition WCN: 02-300 Linda Brannon, John A. 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Cengage products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. To learn more about Cengage Solutions, visit www.cengage.com. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengage.com. Printed in the United States of America Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2021 Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. BRIef contents Part 1 Foundations of Health Psychology Chapter 1 Introducing Health Psychology 3 Chapter 2 Conducting Health Research 21 Chapter 3 Seeking and Receiving Health Care 43 Chapter 4 Adhering to Healthy Behavior 65 Part 2 Stress, Pain, and Coping Chapter 5 Defining, Measuring, and Managing Stress 95 Chapter 6 Understanding Stress, Immunity, and Disease 129 Chapter 7 Understanding and Managing Pain 155 Chapter 8 Considering Alternative Approaches 187 Part 3 Behavior and Chronic Disease Chapter 9 Behavioral Factors in Cardiovascular Disease 221 Chapter 10 Behavioral Factors in Cancer 251 Chapter 11 Living with Chronic Illness 275 Part 4 Behavioral Health Chapter 12 Smoking Tobacco 305 Chapter 13 Using Alcohol and Other Drugs 335 Chapter 14 Eating and Weight 367 Chapter 15 Exercising 399 Part 5 Looking Toward the Future Chapter 16 Future Challenges 427 Glossary 448 References 454 Name Index 523 Subject Index 565 iii Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. contents Preface xiii Research and the Placebo 24 Would You BElIEVE...? Prescribing Placebos About the Authors xvii May Be Considered Ethical 25 IN SUMMARY 26 PART 1 Foundations of Health 2-2 Research Methods in Psychology 26 Correlational Studies 26 Psychology Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Studies 27 1 Introducing Health Psychology 3 Experimental Designs 28 Ex Post Facto Designs 29 R 1-1 The Changing Field of Health 3 E T IN SUMMARY 29 P Real-World Profile of COVID-19 Pandemic 4 A 2-3 Research Methods in epidemiology 29 H Patterns of Disease and Death 6 C Observational Methods 30 Would You BElIEVE...? College is Good for Your Health 8 Randomized Controlled Trials 30 Meta-Analysis 32 Escalating Cost of Medical Care 10 An Example of Epidemiological Research: What is Health? 10 The Alameda County Study 32 Would You BElIEVE...? It Takes More Than a Virus to Give You a Cold 11 Becoming an Informed Reader of Health-Related Research on the Internet 33 IN SUMMARY 12 IN SUMMARY 34 1-2 Psychology’s Relevance for Health 13 2-4 Determining Causation 34 The Contribution of Psychosomatic Medicine 13 The Emergence of Behavioral Medicine 14 The Risk Factor Approach 34 The Emergence of Health Psychology 15 Cigarettes and Disease: Is There a Causal Relationship? 35 IN SUMMARY 16 IN SUMMARY 36 1-3 The Profession of Health Psychology 16 2-5 Research Tools 37 The Training of Health Psychologists 16 The Role of Theory in Research 37 The Work of Health Psychologists 16 The Role of Psychometrics in Research 38 Real-World Profile of Angela Bryan 17 IN SUMMARY 39 IN SUMMARY 18 Questions 39 Questions 18 Suggested Readings 40 Suggested Readings 19 3 Seeking and Receiving Health 2 Conducting Health Research 21 Care 43 R ER CHeCk YOUR BeLIeFS About Health Research 22 TE 3-1 Seeking Medical Attention 43 T P P 2-1 The Placebo in Treatment and Research 22 A A H CHeCk YOUR BeLIeFS Regarding Seeking and Receiving H Treatment and the Placebo 22 C C Health Care 44 Real-World Profile of Sylvester Colligan 23 iv Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Real-World Profile of Lance Armstrong 45 IN SUMMARY 81 Illness Behavior 46 Stage Theories of Health Behavior 81 The Sick Role 51 IN SUMMARY 85 IN SUMMARY 52 4-4 The Intention–Behavior Gap 85 3-2 Seeking Medical Information from Behavioral Willingness 85 Nonmedical Sources 53 Implementational Intentions 86 The Internet 53 Would You BElIEVE...? Both Real and Online Lay Referral Network 53 Social Networks Can Influence Health 86 Would You BElIEVE...? There is IN SUMMARY 87 Controversy about Childhood Vaccinations 54 4-5 Improving Adherence 88 3-3 Receiving Medical Care 55 IN SUMMARY 90 Limited Access to Medical Care 55 Choosing a Practitioner 56 BeCOMING HeALTHIeR 90 Being in the Hospital 58 Questions 91 Would You BElIEVE...? Hospitals May Suggested Readings 92 Be a Leading Cause of Death 59 IN SUMMARY 61 Questions 62 PART 2 Stress, Pain, and Suggested Readings 63 Coping 4 Adhering to Healthy Behavior 65 5 Defining, Measuring, and R 4-1 Issues in Adherence 65 R Managing Stress 95 E E PT CHeCk YOUR BeLIeFS Regarding Adhering PT 5-1 The Nervous System and the HA to Healthy Behavior 66 HA Physiology of Stress 95 C What is Adherence? 66 C CHeCk HeALTH RISkS Life events Scale for Students 96 How is Adherence Measured? 66 The Peripheral Nervous System 96 Real-World Profile of Rajiv Kumar 67 Real-World Profile of COVID-19 How Frequent is Nonadherence? 68 Pandemic 97 What are the Barriers to Adherence? 69 The Neuroendocrine System 98 IN SUMMARY 70 Physiology of the Stress Response 101 4-2 What Factors Predict Adherence? 70 IN SUMMARY 103 Disease Severity 70 5-2 Theories of Stress 103 Treatment Characteristics 70 Selye’s View 103 Personal Factors 71 Lazarus’s View 105 Environmental Factors 72 IN SUMMARY 106 Interaction of Factors 74 5-3 Sources of Stress 106 IN SUMMARY 75 Cataclysmic Events 106 4-3 Why and How Do People Adhere Life Events 108 to Healthy Behaviors? 75 Daily Hassles 108 Continuum Theories of Health Behavior 76 v Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Would You BElIEVE...? Vacations Relieve 6-3 Does Stress Cause Disease? 140 Work Stress . . . But Not for Long 111 The Diathesis–Stress Model 140 IN SUMMARY 112 Stress and Disease 141 5-4 Measurement of Stress 112 Would You BElIEVE...? Being a Sports Fan May Be a Danger to Your Health 145 Methods of Measurement 112 Stress and Psychological Disorders 148 IN SUMMARY 114 IN SUMMARY 151 5-5 Coping with Stress 114 Personal Resources That Influence Coping 114 BeCOMING HeALTHIeR 152 Would You BElIEVE...? Pets May Be Better Questions 152 Support Providers Than People 117 Suggested Readings 152 Personal Coping Strategies 117 7 Understanding and IN SUMMARY 119 Managing Pain 155 R 5-6 Behavioral Interventions for E T 7-1 Pain and the Nervous System 155 Managing Stress 119 P A Relaxation Training 119 H CHeCk YOUR eXPeRIeNCeS C Regarding Your Most Recent episode of Pain 156 BeCOMING HeALTHIeR 120 Real-World Profile of Pain 157 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy 121 The Somatosensory System 157 Emotional Disclosure 122 The Spinal Cord 158 Mindfulness 124 The Brain 158 IN SUMMARY 125 Neurotransmitters and Pain 160 Questions 126 Would You BElIEVE...? Emotional Suggested Readings 127 and Physical Pain are Mainly the Same in the Brain 160 6 Understanding Stress, Immunity, The Modulation of Pain 161 and Disease 129 R E IN SUMMARY 162 T 6-1 Physiology of the Immune System 129 P 7-2 The Meaning of Pain 162 A H Real-World Profile of Big City Taxi The Definition of Pain 163 C Drivers 130 The Experience of Pain 163 Organs of the Immune System 130 7-3 Theories of Pain 166 Function of the Immune System 131 Immune System Disorders 133 IN SUMMARY 169 7-4 Pain Syndromes 169 IN SUMMARY 136 Headache Pain 170 6-2 Psychoneuroimmunology 136 Arthritis Pain 171 History of Psychoneuroimmunology 136 Cancer Pain 172 Research in Psychoneuroimmunology 137 Phantom Limb Pain 172 Would You BElIEVE...? Pictures of Disease are Enough to Activate the IN SUMMARY 173 Immune System 137 7-5 The Measurement of Pain 174 Physical Mechanisms of Influence 139 Self-Reports 174 IN SUMMARY 140 Behavioral Assessments 176 Physiological Measures 176 vi Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. IN SUMMARY 177 Alternative Treatments for Pain 206 7-6 Managing Pain 177 Would You BElIEVE...? Humans are Not the Only Ones Who Benefit from Acupuncture 209 Medical Approaches to Managing Pain 177 Behavioral Techniques for Managing Pain 180 Alternative Treatments for Other Conditions 210 Limitations of Alternative Therapies 215 IN SUMMARY 183 Integrative Medicine 216 Questions 184 IN SUMMARY 217 Suggested Readings 185 Questions 218 8 Considering Alternative Suggested Readings 219 Approaches 187 R E T P CHeCk YOUR HeALTH CARe PReFeReNCeS A H About Health Research 188 PART 3 Behavior and Chronic C 8-1 Alternative Medical Systems 188 Disease Real-World Profile of T. R. Reid 189 9 Behavioral Factors in Cardiovascular Traditional Chinese Medicine 189 Ayurvedic Medicine 190 R Disease 221 E IN SUMMARY 192 PT 9-1 The Cardiovascular System 221 A 8-2 Alternative Products and Diets 192 H CHeCk YOUR HeALTH RISkS C Regarding Cardiovascular Disease 222 IN SUMMARY 193 Real-World Profile of Emilia Clarke 223 8-3 Manipulative Practices 194 The Coronary Arteries 223 Chiropractic Treatment 194 Coronary Artery Disease 224 Massage 194 Stroke 226 IN SUMMARY 196 Blood Pressure 227 8-4 Mind–Body Medicine 196 IN SUMMARY 228 Meditation and Yoga 196 9-2 The Changing Rates of Cardiovascular BeCOMING HeALTHIeR 197 Disease 230 Qi Gong and Tai Chi 198 Reasons for the Decline in Death Rates 230 Biofeedback 199 Heart Disease Throughout the World 231 Hypnotic Treatment 200 IN SUMMARY 231 Physiology and Mind–Body Medicine 201 9-3 Risk Factors in Cardiovascular IN SUMMARY 201 Disease 232 8-5 Who Uses Complementary and Inherent Risk Factors 232 Alternative Medicine? 202 Physiological Conditions 234 Culture, Ethnicity, and Gender 202 Behavioral Factors 236 Motivations for Seeking Alternative Treatment 203 Would You BElIEVE...? Chocolate May Help IN SUMMARY 204 Prevent Heart Disease 237 8-6 How effective are Alternative Would You BElIEVE...? Nearly All the Risk for Treatments? 204 Stroke is Due to Modifiable Factors 238 Alternative Treatments for Anxiety, Stress, and Psychosocial Factors 239 Depression 205 IN SUMMARY 242 vii Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 9-4 Reducing Cardiovascular Risks 243 IN SUMMARY 271 Before Diagnosis: Preventing First Heart Questions 272 Attacks 243 Suggested Readings 272 After Diagnosis: Rehabilitating Cardiac Patients 246 11 Living with Chronic Illness 275 BeCOMING HeALTHIeR 247 R 11-1 The Impact of Chronic Disease 275 IN SUMMARY 248 E T P Real-World Profile of Nick Jonas 276 Questions 248 A H Impact on the Patient 276 Suggested Readings 249 C Impact on the Family 278 10 Behavioral Factors in Cancer 251 IN SUMMARY 279 R 10-1 What is Cancer? 251 11-2 Living with Alzheimer’s Disease 279 E T P CHeCk YOUR HeALTH RISkS Regarding Cancer 252 Would You BElIEVE...? Using Your Mind May A Help Prevent Losing Your Mind 281 H Real-World Profile of Steve Jobs 253 C Helping the Patient 282 10-2 The Changing Rates of Cancer Deaths 253 Helping the Family 283 Cancers with Decreasing Death Rates 254 IN SUMMARY 284 Cancers with Increasing Incidence and Mortality Rates 255 11-3 Adjusting to Diabetes 284 The Physiology of Diabetes 284 IN SUMMARY 256 The Impact of Diabetes 286 10-3 Cancer Risk Factors Beyond Health Psychology’s Involvement with Diabetes 287 Personal Control 257 Inherent Risk Factors for Cancer 257 IN SUMMARY 288 Environmental Risk Factors for Cancer 258 11-4 The Impact of Asthma 289 The Disease of Asthma 289 IN SUMMARY 259 Managing Asthma 290 10-4 Behavioral Risk Factors for Cancer 259 Smoking 260 IN SUMMARY 291 Diet 262 11-5 Dealing with HIV and AIDS 292 Alcohol 264 Incidence and Mortality Rates for HIV/AIDS 292 Sedentary Lifestyle 264 Symptoms of HIV and AIDS 294 Ultraviolet Light Exposure 264 The Transmission of HIV 295 Would You BElIEVE...? Cancer Prevention Psychologists’ Role in the HIV Epidemic 296 Prevents More Than Cancer 266 BeCOMING HeALTHIeR 299 Sexual Behavior 266 IN SUMMARY 299 Psychosocial Risk Factors in Cancer 267 11-6 Facing Death 300 IN SUMMARY 267 Adjusting to Terminal Illness 300 10-5 Living with Cancer 268 Grieving 301 Problems with Medical Treatments for Cancer 268 IN SUMMARY 302 Adjusting to a Diagnosis of Cancer 269 Questions 302 Social Support for Cancer Patients 270 Psychological Interventions for Cancer Patients 270 Suggested Readings 303 viii Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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