HANDBOOK ON SOCIAL ACCOUNTING MATRICES AND LABOUR ACCOUNTS

200 Pages·2003·2 MB·English

Population and social conditions 3/2003/E/N 23
HANDBOOK ON SOCIAL ACCOUNTING
MATRICES AND LABOUR ACCOUNTS
Leadership group SAM
Population and social conditions 3/2003/E/N°23
HANDBOOK ON SOCIAL ACCOUNTING
MATRICES AND LABOUR ACCOUNTS
Leadership group SAM
This handbook was prepared by the Leadership group (LEG) on Social Accounting
Matricesundertheco-ordinationofStatisticsNetherlands.Thelistofthemembersofthe
LEG is included at the beginning of the handbook.
Theviewsexpressedinthisdocumentaretheauthor’sanddonotnecessarilyreflectthe
opinion of the European Commission.
© European Commission 2003
This document is available on requestat the Eurostat secretariat - Unit E3
Bech Building D2/727 – 5, rue Alphonse Weicker – L – 2721 Luxembourg
Tel: [phone]; Fax: [phone] - E-mail: [email protected]
The electronic version of the handbook is available at the web-site of the Employment
Statistics Experts Working Group:
http://forum.europa.eu.int/Members/irc/dsis/employ/home
Foreword
TheincreasingintegrationofeconomicandsocialpoliciesinEurope,andacrossthe
world, requires increased integration of economic and social statistics. This
HandbookhasbeenwrittentohelptheStatisticsOfficesofEUmemberstates(and,
indeed, any other country) to meet this requirement.
ThisHandbookisoneoftheresponsestothe1999ECOFINCouncildocumenton
the statistical requirements for the implementation of Stage 3 of Economic and
Monetary Union (EMU). This saw effective surveillance and co-operation of
economicpoliciesasofmajorimportance.Itrequiresacomprehensiveinformation
system providing policy makers with the necessary data on which to base their
decisions.ECOFINcommendedthenationalaccountsbecausetheyarebasedon
harmonised concepts, and they provide both mutually consistent aggregate
indicators and a detailed statistical information system. It emphasised the need to
developmorecomprehensive andcomparable indicatorsandaccounts forlabour,
and to ensure their consistency with national accounts. This is what Social
Accounting Matrices (SAMs) and Labour Accounts (LAS) do.
ItisgenerallyacknowledgedthathumancapitalisinEuropethemostcriticalfactor
for the generation of social welfare. Yet, traditional National Accounts do not
distinguishbetweenlow-skilledandhigh-skilledlabour,oranyothertypeoflabour.
This serious shortcoming is remedied in Social Accounting Matrices, which also
have various other features that augment to their usefulness. SAMs use the very
powerful (matrix) framework of national accounts, by integrating into a single
(matrix)formatsupplyandusetablesoraninput-outputtableandinstitutionalsector
accounts. In general, social statistics lack a framework that ensures consistency
across a range of statistics from different sources. SAMs provide this, ensuring
consistencynotjustbetweensocialstatisticsinthematrix,butalsobetweenthese
social statistics andnationalaccounts. Thefocus onhouseholds andemployment
categories means a greater emphasis on the role of people in the economy.
The Handbook is written entirely in conformance with the world (SNA) and
European(ESA)systemsofaccounts.Itconcentratesonlabourstatisticsandtheir
linkswithnationalaccounts.Thiscanbeseenasoneofthemostimportantsetsof
relationships that concern policy makers today. Studying a labour-oriented SAM
enables policy makers better to understand relationships between output, labour
(and therefore productivity), households, income, expenditure at very detailed
levels.
The EU Statistical Programme Committee approved the project LEG SAM in May
1999.TheworkwasdoneinaLeadershipGroup(LEG).Thiswasco-ordinatedand
chaired by Statistics Netherlands, and supported by the statistical offices of
Belgium, Finland, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and United
Kingdom.
ThishandbookistheresultofalotofhardworkofallthemembersoftheLeadership
Group,forwhomitwasnoteasy,intimesofbudgetaryretrenchment,tofocusonthe
developmentofanewstatisticthatis,atthemoment,notlegallyrequiredinEurope.
This academic, yet practical achievement demonstrates that NSI’s become more
andmoreknowledgeinstitutesthatarewillingtoinvestinastatisticalframeworkfor
the future. The LEG members have prepared this new framework for European
policy purposes without substantial financial backing.
We hope that this Handbook will pave the way for the implementation of Social
Accounting Matrices (and Labour Accounts) in all European countries and, in
III
addition,thatitwill also provide guidance for non-European countries thatwant to
compile a SAM.
R.B.J.C. van Noort
Director-General
Statistics Netherlands
April 2003
IV
List of the members of the Leadership group SAM
NL Netherlands (co-ordinator) Hubertus Kal
Steven Keuning
Wim Leunis
B Belgium Eric Fagnoul
Anja Termote
EL Greece Helena Pandi
I Italy Alessandra Coli
Federica Battellini
P Portugal Teresa Hilário
Isabel Quintela
FIN Finland Päivi Keinänen
Taru Sandström
UK United Kingdom Nigel Stuttard
Prabhat Vaze
N Norway Gisle Frøiland
Helge Naesheim
EU Eurostat Aloïs van Bastelaer
Joachim Recktenwald
Final editing John Kidgell
V
Table of contents
Foreword III
ListofthemembersoftheLEGSAM V
Tableofcontents VI
Listofabbreviationsandacronyms IX
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Structureofthischapter 1
1.3 Roadmap 1
1.4 Generalprinciplesofaccounting 3
1.5 Characteristicsofaccountingsystems 3
1.6 Overviewofnationalaccounts 5
1.6.1 Thesectoraccounts 5
1.6.2 Supplyanduseframework 5
1.7 Overviewoflabouraccounts 6
1.8 Classifications 7
1.8.1 Productgroups 7
1.8.2 Industries 8
1.8.3 Primaryinputcategories 8
1.8.4 Institutionalsectors 8
1.8.5 Financialassets 8
1.8.6 Geography 8
2. Nationalaccountsmatrices-NAMs 10
2.1 Introduction 10
2.2 GeneralintroductiontoaNationalAccountsMatrix 10
2.2.1 Presentingthenationalaccountsinmatrixform 10
2.2.2 Waysofexpandingorcondensinganaccountingmatrix 11
2.2.3 Propertiesofaccountingmatrices 15
2.3. DescriptionofindividualaccountsintheaggregateNAM 15
2.3.1 Goodsandservicesaccount(account1) 16
2.3.2 Productionaccount(account2) 16
2.3.3 Generationofincomeaccount(account3) 16
2.3.4 Allocationofprimaryincomeaccount(account4) 17
2.3.5 Secondarydistributionofincomeaccount(account5) 17
2.3.6 Redistribution of income account and Use of disposable
incomeaccount 17
2.3.7 Useofdisposableincomeaccount(account6) 17
2.3.8 Capitalaccount(account7) 18
2.3.9 Grossfixedcapitalformationaccount(account8) 18
2.3.10 Financialaccount(account9) 18
2.3.11 Currentaccountfortherestoftheworld(account10) 18
2.3.12 Capitalaccountfortherestoftheworld(account11) 19
2.3.13 R.o.W.andcolumntotals 19
2.4 Thecircularflowofincome 19
VI
2.5 StructureofadetailedNAM 21
2.5.1 Goodsandservicesaccount 21
2.5.2 Productionaccount 23
2.5.3 Primarydistributionofincomeaccounts 23
2.5.4 Secondarydistributionofincomeaccount 27
2.5.5 Useofdisposableincomeaccount 27
2.5.6 Accumulationaccounts 28
2.5.7 Restoftheworldaccounts 29
2.6 MethodsforCompilationofspecificsub-matricesintheNAM 29
2.6.1 Expansion of property income in the allocation of primary
incomeaccount 30
2.6.2 Secondarydistributionofincome 36
2.6.3 Capitalaccount 39
3. Elaborationofasocialaccountingmatrix-SAM 41
3.1 Alabour-orientedSAM 41
3.2 Thedemandsideofthelabourmarket 43
3.2.1 Towardsadetailedanalysisofcompensationoflabour 44
3.2.2 Themethodsusedtoconstructavalueaddedsub-matrix 46
3.3 Thesupplysideofthelabourmarket 49
3.3.1 Afocusongeneralincome 51
3.3.2 Methodsandsourcesforsupplysideoflabour 52
3.4 Expansionofprimaryandsecondarydistributionofincome 56
3.4.1 Expansionofthepropertyincomebygroupsofhouseholds 56
3.4.2 ThesecondarydistributionofincomeintheSAM 59
3.4.3 Disposableincome 61
3.5 Consumptionexpenditureandsavingofhouseholds 62
3.5.1 Expansionofthefinalconsumptionexpenditurecell 62
3.5.2 Datasourcesforfinalconsumptionexpenditurebytypeof
household 63
3.5.3 Actualfinalconsumptionofhouseholds 63
3.6 Savingsandsavingsratios 66
4. Labouraccountingsystem-LAS 68
4.1 Introduction 68
4.2 LabourstatisticsattheEuropeanlevel 68
4.3 TheILOLabourAccountingSystem 69
4.3.1 Introduction 69
4.3.2 Conceptualframework 70
4.4 Labouraccountsinpractice 74
4.5 Nationalaccounts,SAMs,andLabouraccounts 76
4.6 Labour input: from source data to the inclusion in
Nationalaccounts,SAMs,andLabouraccounts 77
4.6.1 Coverage 77
4.6.2 Measurementunits 78
4.6.3 Referenceperiods 79
4.6.4 Estimatinglabourinput–twonationalexamples 80
4.6.5 Labourinputbygender,educationandhousehold
categoriesintheSAM 81
5. Compilationproceduresandtechniques 87
5.1 Introduction 87
5.2 PreparingtheoveralldesignoftheSAM 87
5.3 CompletingtheSAM:atop-downapproach 89
5.4 Compilation of labour accounts or SAM modules with a bottom-up
approach 90
VII
5.5 Combiningtop-downandbottom-upapproaches 92
5.6 Buildingalabour-orientedSAMwithabottom-upapproach 93
5.7 TechniquesforintegratingsurveysforlabouraccountsandSAMs 98
5.7.1 Statisticalmatchingforbuildinganintegrateddataset 98
5.7.2 Calibrationofmicro-data 98
5.7.3 Regularisationor balancingofmacro-data 100
5.7.4 The balancing methodology by Stone, Champernowne
andMeade 102
6. Usesofasocialaccountingmatrixandlabouraccounts 105
6.1 Introduction 105
6.2 MoreintegrationofbasicdatawithSAMsandLabouraccounts 105
6.2.1 Generalqualityimprovement 105
6.2.2 ExtensionofaSAMtowardsaSESAME 106
6.2.3 The role of SAMs in building a consistent set of structural
indicators 107
6.3 SAMasatoolforpolicyanalysis 107
6.3.1 TheNAMdescribingfromwhomtowhomtransactions 108
6.3.2 ExperienceswithSAMs 108
6.3.3 SAMsandproductivitymeasurement 109
6.4 IllustrationsoftheusesofpilotSAMfiguresovertime 110
6.4.1 Introduction 110
6.4.2 TheDutchSAM1995to1999 110
6.4.3 Traderevealedknowledgeintensity 114
6.5 Comparisonofthestructureofthelabourmarkets
in8Europeancountries 118
6.5.1 Employmentbybranchandsex 118
6.5.2 Percapitawages 119
6.5.3 Genderwagedifferential 119
6.5.4 Returnforeducationintermsofincreasedearnings 119
6.6 Modelling 121
6.6.1 Introduction 121
6.6.2 Exogenousandendogenousaccounts 122
6.6.3 Multiplieranalysis 122
6.6.4 Generalequilibriummodelling 122
Appendix 124
Annexes
Pilot-SAMforBelgium 128
Pilot-SAMforFinland 132
Pilot-SAMforGreece 137
Pilot-SAMforItaly 140
Pilot-SAMfortheNetherlands 148
Pilot-SAMforPortugal 158
Pilot-SAMfortheUnitedKingdom 164
ListofReferences 172
VIII
List of abbreviations and acronyms
CGE Computable General Equilibrium
c.i.f cost, insurance, freight
COICOP Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose for Households
CPA Classification of Products by Activity
ECHP European Community Household Panel
ECU European Currency Unit
ESA European System of Accounts
ESES European Structure of Earnings Survey
EU European Union
EUROSTAT Statistical Office of the European Union
FISIM Financial Intermediation Services Indirectly Measured
f.o.b. free on board
FSDS Framework for Social and Demographic Statistics
FTE Full-Time Equivalent(s)
FTEU Full-Time Equivalent Unit(s)
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GNI Gross National Income
HBS Household Budget Survey
HICP Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices
HOV Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek
ICLS International Conference of Labour Statisticians
ILO International Labour Organization
IPF Iterative Proportional Fitting
ISCED International Standard Classification of Education
KAU Kind-of-Activity Unit
LA Labour Accounts
LAS Labour Accounting System
IX
LEG Leadership Group
LFS Labour Force Survey
NA National Accounts
NACE rev. 1 General Industrial Classification of Economic Activities within the
European Communities (revision 1)
NAM National Accounts Matrix
NNGI Net National Generated Income
NNI Net National Income
NPISH Non-Profit Institutions Serving Households
NSI National Statistical Institute
OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
R.o.W. Rest of (the) World
SAM Social Accounting Matrix
SBS Structural Business Statistics
SDR Special Drawing Right
SEA Social-Economic Accounts
SESAME System of Economic and Social Accounting Matrices and Extensions
SNA System of National Accounts
STS Short Term Statistics
UN United Nations
VA Value Added
VAT Value Added Tax
X