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Handbook of Parenting Volume 2 Biology and Ecology of Parenting Edited by Marc H. Bornstein LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOCIATES, PUBLISHERS P1:FCN LE028B-FM(Vol-2) LE028/Bornstein January31,2002 21:35 CharCount=0 Handbook of Parenting Volume 2 Biology and Ecology of Parenting i P1:FCN LE028B-FM(Vol-2) LE028/Bornstein January31,2002 21:35 CharCount=0 ii P1:FCN LE028B-FM(Vol-2) LE028/Bornstein January31,2002 21:35 CharCount=0 Handbook of Parenting Second Edition Volume 2 Biology and Ecology of Parenting Edited by Marc H. Bornstein National Institute of Child Health and Human Development LAWRENCEERLBAUMASSOCIATES,PUBLISHERS 2002 Mahwah,NewJersey London iii P1:FCN LE028B-FM(Vol-2) LE028/Bornstein January31,2002 21:35 CharCount=0 Editor: BillWebber EditorialAssistant: EricaKica CoverDesign: KathrynHoughtalingLacey TextbookProductionManager: PaulSmolenski Full-ServiceCompositor: TechBooks TextandCoverPrinter: HamiltonPrintingCompany Thisbookwastypesetin10/11.5pt.Times,Italic,Bold,BoldItalic. TheheadsweretypesetinHelvetica,Italic,Bold,BoldItalic. Copyright(cid:2)c 2002byLawrenceErlbaumAssociates,Inc Allrightreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedin anyform,byphotostat,microfilm,retrievalsystem,orany othermeans,withoutpriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher. LawrenceErlbaumAssociates,Inc.,Publishers 10IndustrialAvenue Mahwah,NewJersey07430 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Handbookofparenting/editedbyMarcH.Bornstein.—2nded. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindexes. Contents:v.1.Childrenandparenting—v.2.Biologyandecologyofparenting—v.3.Being andbecomingaparent—v.4.Socialconditionsandappliedparenting—v.5.practicalissues inparenting. ISBN0-8058-3778-7(hc:v.1:alk.paper)—ISBN0-8058-3779-5(hc:v.2:alk.paper)— ISBN0-8058-3780-9(hc:v.3:alk.paper)—ISBN0-8058-3781-7(hc:v.4:alk.paper)— ISBN0-8058-3782-5(hc:v.5:alk.paper) 1.Parenting. 2.Parents. I.Bornstein,MarcH. HQ755.8.H357 2002 649(cid:3).1—dc21 2001058458 BookspublishedbyLawrenceErlbaumAssociatesareprintedon acid-freepaper,andtheirbindingsarechosenforstrengthand durability. PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 iv P1:FCN LE028B-FM(Vol-2) LE028/Bornstein January31,2002 21:35 CharCount=0 ForMarianandHaroldSackrowitz v P1:FCN LE028B-FM(Vol-2) LE028/Bornstein January31,2002 21:35 CharCount=0 vi P1:FCN LE028B-FM(Vol-2) LE028/Bornstein January31,2002 21:35 CharCount=0 Contents of Volume 2: Biology and Ecology of Parenting Preface ix ContentsofVolume1 xiii ContentsofVolume3 xv ContentsofVolume4 xix ContentsofVolume5 xxi AbouttheAuthorsinVolume2 xxv PARTI:BIOLOGYOFPARENTING Chapter 1 TheEvolutionofParentingandEvolutionaryApproaches toChildrearing DavidF.Bjorklund,JenniferL.Yunger,andAnthonyD.Pellegrini 3 Chapter 2 HormonalBasesofParentinginMammals JayS.Rosenblatt 31 Chapter 3 PsychobiologyofMaternalBehaviorandItsEarly DeterminantsinNonhumanMammals AlisonS.FlemingandMingLi 61 Chapter 4 PrimateParenting KimA.Bard 99 Chapter 5 PsychobiologyofMaternalBehaviorinHumanBeings CarlM.CorterandAlisonS.Fleming 141 vii P1:FCN LE028B-FM(Vol-2) LE028/Bornstein January31,2002 21:35 CharCount=0 viii ContentsofVolume2 Chapter 6 IntuitiveParenting HanusˇPapousˇekandMechthildPapousˇek 183 PARTII:SOCIALECOLOGYOFPARENTING Chapter 7 MaternalandDual-EarnerEmploymentStatusandParenting AdeleEskelesGottfried,AllenW.Gottfried,andKayBathurst 207 Chapter 8 SocioeconomicStatusandParenting ErikaHoff,BrettLaursen,andTwilaTardif 231 Chapter 9 CultureandParenting SaraHarknessandCharlesM.Super 253 Chapter10 EnvironmentandParenting RobertH.Bradley 281 Chapter11 DevelopmentalSystemsPerspectiveonParenting RichardM.Lerner,FredRothbaum,ShireenBoulos, 315 andDominiR.Castellino Chapter12 HistoryofParenting:TheAncientMediterraneanWorld ValerieFrench 345 AuthorIndex AI-1 SubjectIndex SI-1 P1:FCN LE028B-FM(Vol-2) LE028/Bornstein January31,2002 21:35 CharCount=0 Preface ThisneweditionoftheHandbookofParentingappearsatatimethatismomentousinthehistory of parenting. The family generally, and parenting specifically, are today in a greater state of flux, question, and redefinition than perhaps ever before. We are witnessing the emergence of striking permutations on the theme of parenting: blended families, lesbian and gay parents, teen versus fiftiesfirst-timemomsanddads.Onecannotbutbeawedonthebiologicalfrontbytechnologythat nowrenderspostmenopausalwomencapableofchildbearingandwiththepossibilityofdesigning babies.Similarly,onthesociologicalfront,singleparenthoodisamodern-dayfactoflife,adult–child dependencyisontherise,andparentsareeverlesscertainoftheirroles,eveninthefaceofrising environmentalandinstitutionaldemandsthattheytakeincreasingresponsibilityfortheiroffspring. TheHandbookofParentingisconcernedwithallfacetsofparenting. Despitethefactthatmostpeoplebecomeparentsandeveryonewhohaseverlivedhashadparents, parenting remains a most mystifying subject. Who is ultimately responsible for parenting? Does parentingcomenaturally,ormustwelearnhowtoparent?Howdoparentsconceiveofparenting? Of childhood? What does it mean to parent a preterm baby, twins, or a child with a disability? To be a younger or an older parent, or one who is divorced, disabled, or drug abusing? What do theories in psychology (psychoanalysis, personality theory, and behavior genetics, for example) contributetoourunderstandingofparenting?Whatarethegoalsparentshaveforthemselves?For theirchildren?Whatarethefunctionsofparents’beliefs?Ofparents’behaviors?Whataccountsfor parents’ believing or behaving in similar ways? What accounts for all the attitudes and actions of parents that differ? How do children influence their parents? How do personality, knowledge, and worldviewaffectparenting?Howdosocialstatus,culture,andhistoryshapeparenthood?Howcan parentseffectivelyrelatetoschools,daycare,theirchildren’spediatricians? ThesearesomeofthequestionsaddressedinthissecondeditionoftheHandbookofParenting... forthisisabookonhowtoparentasmuchasitisoneonwhatbeingaparentisallabout. Put succinctly, parents create people. It is the entrusted and abiding task of parents to prepare theiroffspringforthephysical,psychosocial,andeconomicconditionsinwhichtheywilleventu- ally fare and, it is hoped, flourish. Amidst the many influences on child development, parents are the“finalcommonpathway”tochildren’sdevelopmentandstature,adjustmentandsuccess.Human socialinquiry—atleastsinceAthenianinterestinSpartanchildrearingpractices—hasalways,asa matter of course, included reports of parenting. Yet Freud opined that childrearing is one of three “impossible professions”—the other two being governing nations and psychoanalysis. And one encounters as many views as the number of people one asks about the relative merits of being an at-homeoraworkingmother,aboutwhetherdaycare,familycare,orparentcareisbestforachild, aboutwhethergoodparentingreflectsintuitionorexperience. ix