Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries

426 Pages·2008·2.28 MB·English

Handbook of Fish Biology
and Fisheries
VOLUME 2
FISHERIES
EDITED BY
Paul J.B. Hart
Department of Biology
University of Leicester
AND
John D. Reynolds
School of Biological Sciences
University of East Anglia

HANDBOOK OF FISH BIOLOGY AND FISHERIES
Volume 2
Also available from Blackwell Publishing:
Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries
Edited by Paul J.B. Hart and John D. Reynolds
Volume 1 Fish Biology
Handbook of Fish Biology
and Fisheries
VOLUME 2
FISHERIES
EDITED BY
Paul J.B. Hart
Department of Biology
University of Leicester
AND
John D. Reynolds
School of Biological Sciences
University of East Anglia
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Contents
Contributors, x
Preface, xii
Abbreviations, xiv
1 THE HUMAN DIMENSION OF FISHERIES SCIENCE, 1
Paul J.B. Hart and John D. Reynolds
1.1 Introduction, 1
1.2 The origins of fisheries science, 1
1.3 The objectives of fisheries management, 2
1.4 The development of the institutions of fisheries science, 3
1.5 Who owns the fishery and for whom is it managed?, 4
1.6 The problem of uncertainty, 4
1.7 Development to increase economic efficiency or freedom? 6
1.8 Achieving sustainable development, 7
1.9 Conclusions, 8
Part 1: Background to Fisheries,11
2 FISH CAPTURE DEVICES IN INDUSTRIAL AND ARTISANAL FISHERIES
AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON MANAGEMENT, 13
Ole Arve Misund, Jeppe Kolding and Pierre Fréon
2.1 Introduction, 13
2.2 Main fish capture techniques, 13
2.3 Artisanal fisheries, 25
2.4 Conclusions, 31
3 MARKETING FISH, 37
J.A. Young and J.F. Muir
3.1 Introduction, 37
3.2 Marketing and markets, 37
vi Contents
3.3 Determination of values, 42
3.4 Creating values, 45
3.5 Communicating values, 48
3.6 Delivering values, 51
3.7 Future values, 53
3.8 Conclusions, 56
4 A HISTORY OF FISHERIES AND THEIR SCIENCE AND
MANAGEMENT, 61
Tim D. Smith
4.1 The nature of fishing, 61
4.2 Origins of fishing, 63
4.3 Overfishing, 65
4.4 Graham’s Law of Fishing, 69
4.5 Scientific bases for management, 71
4.6 Post-Second World War, 75
4.7 Conclusions, 80
5 GATHERING DATA FOR RESOURCE MONITORING AND
FISHERIES MANAGEMENT, 84
David Evans and Richard Grainger
5.1 Fisheries information framework, 84
5.2 Fisheries information data, 91
5.3 Fisheries data collection and management, 94
5.4 Fisheries information presentation, 99
5.5 Conclusions, 101
Part 2: Stock Assessment, 103
6 SURPLUS PRODUCTION MODELS, 105
Jon T. Schnute and Laura Richards
6.1 Introduction, 105
6.2 Graphical model, 107
6.3 Classical differential equations (model 1), 109
6.4 Special cases (model 1), 111
6.5 Equilibrium (model 1), 112
6.6 Growth models, 114
6.7 Modern difference equations (model 2), 116
6.8 Equilibrium and dynamic response (model 2), 118
6.9 Estimation: comparing models with data, 122
6.10 Model extensions, 123
6.11 Conclusions, 124
Contents vii
7 DYNAMIC POOL MODELS I: INTERPRETING THE PAST USING
VIRTUAL POPULATION ANALYSIS, 127
J.G. Shepherd and J.G. Pope
7.1 Introduction: the dynamic pool concept, 127
7.2 The distinction between retrospective analysis and forecasting, 127
7.3 Virtual population analysis (VPA): the basics, 128
7.4 Separable VPA, 135
7.5 Tuning of VPA using CPUE and survey data, 141
7.6 The extended survivors method (XSA), 149
7.7 Multispecies virtual population analysis, 156
7.8 Conclusions, 161
8 DYNAMIC POOL MODELS II: SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM
FORECASTS OF CATCH AND BIOMASS, 164
J.G. Shepherd and J.G. Pope
8.1 Short-term forecasts of catch and biomass, 164
8.2 Long-term forecasts of catch and biomass, 172
8.3 Multispecies forecasts, 184
8.4 Conclusions, 186
9 A BUMPY OLD ROAD: SIZE-BASED METHODS IN FISHERIES
ASSESSMENT, 189
Tony J. Pitcher
9.1 Introduction, 189
9.2 Age and mortality methods, 190
9.3 When length is king, 204
9.4 Conclusions, 207
10 ECOSYSTEM MODELS, 211
Daniel Pauly and Villy Christensen
10.1 Introduction: ecosystem models, 211
10.2 Multispecies models, 213
10.3 Modelling the North Sea, the North Pacific and the Gulf of Thailand, 214
10.4 Ecopath and the mass-balance approach, 215
10.5 The trophic level concept, 217
10.6 Practical uses of trophic levels: tracking food-web changes, 219
10.7 Ecosystem structure, Odum’s maturity and Ulanowicz’s ascendancy, 220
10.8 Particle-size spectra in ecosystems, 221
10.9 Ecosim, refugia and top-down vs. bottom-up control, 222
10.10 Spatial considerations in ecosystem modelling, 223
10.11 Towards a transition from single-species to ecosystem-based management, 224
10.12 Conclusions, 225
viii Contents
11 INDIVIDUAL-BASED MODELS, 228
Geir Huse, Jarl Giske and Anne Gro Vea Salvanes
11.1 Introduction, 228
11.2 Specifying individuals in IBMs, 229
11.3 Features of individual-based models, 230
11.4 Formulating and testing IBMs, 236
11.5 Review of individual-based models in fisheries biology, 237
11.6 Conclusions, 244
12 THE ECONOMICS OF FISHERIES, 249
Rögnvaldur Hannesson
12.1 Introduction, 249
12.2 The surplus production model, 249
12.3 Fishing effort and fish yield, 250
12.4 Sustainable yield, 252
12.5 Optimal exploitation, 254
12.6 Time discounting, 257
12.7 Fluctuations: should catches be stabilized?, 260
12.8 Optimum fleet capacity for fluctuating stocks, 261
12.9 Management methods, 263
12.10 International issues, 265
12.11 Conclusions, 267
13 CHOOSING THE BEST MODEL FOR FISHERIES ASSESSMENT, 270
Per Sparre and Paul J.B. Hart
13.1 Introduction, 270
13.2 Basic concepts, 270
13.3 Stochastic modelling, 272
13.4 Mechanics of choosing a model, 274
13.5 Estimation of parameters, 275
13.6 The use of mathematical models in fisheries, 276
13.7 A key to models, 283
13.8 The importance of testing models, 286
13.9 Conclusions, 287
Part 3: Fisheries in a Wider Context, 291
14 MARINE PROTECTED AREAS, FISH AND FISHERIES, 293
Nicholas V.C. Polunin
14.1 Introduction, 293
14.2 What happens to target species in MPAs?, 294
14.3 What are the potential benefits to fishers?, 298
14.4 What else do MPAs offer?, 305