Handbook of Burns: Acute Burn Care Volume 1 PDF
Preview Handbook of Burns: Acute Burn Care Volume 1
~ SpringerWienNewYork Marc G. Jeschke, Lars-Peter Kamolz, Folke Sjöberg, Steven E. Wolf (editors) Handbook of Burns Acute Burn Care Volume 1 SpringerWienNewYork Marc G. Jeschke, M.D., Ph.D. Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada Lars-Peter Kamolz, M.D., M.Sc. Plastische, Aesthetische und Rekonstruktive Chirurgie, Landesklinikum Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria Folke Sjöberg, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery and Intensive Care, Linköping University Hospital, and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden Steven E. Wolf, M.D. Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of trans- lation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machines or simi- lar means, and storage in data banks. Product Liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for all the information contained in this book. This does also refer to information about drug dosage and application thereof. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharmaceutical literature. The use of regis- tered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific state- ment, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. © 2012 Springer-Verlag/Wien SpringerWienNewYork is part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.at Typesetting: Jung Crossmedia Publishing GmbH, 35633 Lahnau, Germany Printed on acid-free and chlorine-free bleached paper SPIN: 12679065 With 95 (partly coloured) figures Library of Congress Control Number: 2011943771 ISBN 978-3-7091-0347-0 SpringerWienNewYork Preface Severe burn injuries are maybe not the most com- has been speculated and hypothesized that early in- mon injuries occurring on a daily basis however, it is tervention and alleviation of these detrimental re- estimated that within North America approximately sponses benefit in terms of clinical outcomes, there- 300,000 – 500,000 patients are hospitalized annually fore the individual book chapters focus on the due to a burn related injury and that worldwide ap- treatment and complexity of each of these responses proximately 500,000 –1,000,000 people die due to a to improve outcomes. The up to date chapters pro- burn related injury. Once a burn injury has occurred vide evidence based medicine and current state of it is one of the most severe forms of any injury, in- the art treatments for any practitioner dealing with ducing a complex cascade of various responses in- acute burn wounds, chronic burn wounds, and all cluding inflammatory, hypermetabolic, immune, as other types of burn wounds. The second volume will well as infectious responses. These responses inter- then delineate the importance for long term treat- act with each other and are extremely complex and ment as it describes the reconstructive and alterna- difficult to treat. Specialized centers, protocolized tive approaches of long term treatments post burn. treatment, multi-centre trials and close collabora- Therefore the design of the two volume book was tions improved morbidity and mortality after severe now to focus on early treatment as well as later treat- burn injury over the last two decades. However, a ment. This is unique and therefore will hopefully im- vast morbidity and mortality post burn still occurs prove the outcome of burn patients by guiding vari- and represent one of the major problems in burn ous kinds of burn practitioners from nursing, treatment. physicians, occupational therapy, physical therapy, One of the major characteristics of burn injury pharmacy and so forth. The focus of each chapter is that has been evolving over the last 5 years is that a not only to give an overview but also to focus current burn injury is not treated and healed once the best treatments and to make it easy for each reader wounds are healed. This used to be a landmark that to easily access the treatment options and knowl- no longer exists. Various studies have indicated that edge. a burn injury and its pathphysiologic sequelae per- We hope that these books will raise as much en- sist for at least 5-10 years, and not only in terms of thusiasm as it has for the contributors of these scarring, infection, metabolism and the various oth- books. er responses. Therefore this leads to the importance of the current two volumes of these burn books. It Marc Jeschke, MD PhD FACS FRCSC Contents List of contributers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX Pre-hospital and initial management of burns History, epidemiology, prevention F. Sjöberg Pre-hospital, fluid and early management, and education burn wound evaluation ..................... 105 L. C. Cancio, S. E. Wolf H. L. Haller, M. Giretzlehner, A history of burn care ....................... 3 J. Dirnberger, R. Owen M. D. Peck Medical documentation of burn injuries ...... 117 Epidemiology and prevention of burns G. Gauglitz, M. G. Jeschke throughout the world ....................... 19 Pathophysiology of burn injury .............. 131 A. Arno, J. Knighton L. C. Woodson, E. Sherwood, Prevention of burn injuries .................. 61 A. McQuitty, M. D. Talon J. B. Lundy, L. C. Cancio Anesthesia for patients with acute burn Burns associated with wars and disasters ..... 75 injuries .................................... 151 K. Jindal, S. Shahrokhi T. L. Palmieri, R. L. Gamelli Education in burns ......................... 89 Diagnosis and management of inhalation injury. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 P. Brychta European practice guidelines for burn care: R. Cartotto Minimum level of burn care provision in Respiratory management ................... 173 Europe .................................... 97 VII Contents Acute burn care and therapy R. Girtler, B. Gustorff Pain management after burn trauma ......... 339 K. L. Butler, R. L. Sheridan Organ responses and organ support .......... 193 A. Cochran, J. R. Saffle, C. Graves Nutrition support for the burn patient ........ 361 M. M. Berger, S. Shahrokhi, M. G. Jeschke H. Andel Critical care of thermally injured patient ...... 203 HBO and burns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 G. G. Gauglitz, S. Shahrokhi, J. Knighton, M. Jako M. G. Jeschke Nursing management of the burn-injured Treatment of infection in burns .............. 221 person ..................................... 387 G. Gauglitz, M. G. Jeschke B. Hartmann, C. Ottomann Acute treatment of severely burned pediatric Outpatient burn care ........................ 431 patients .................................... 241 Non-thermal burns P. Dziewulski, J.-L. Villapalos, J. P. Barret B. D. Arnoldo, J. L. Hunt, G. F. Purdue Adult burn management .................... 259 Electrical injury ............................ 443 T. N. Pham L. Kolios, G. Germann Burns in older adults ........................ 279 Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of chemical burns ............................. 453 P. Dziewulski, J.-L. Villapalos Acute management of facial burns ........... 291 D. A. Sieber, G. J. Abood, R. L. Gamelli B. P. Amis, M. B. Klein Necrotizing and exfoliative diseases Hand burns ................................ 303 of the skin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 L. K. Branski, M. Dibildox, P. Kraincuk, M. Keck, D. Lumenta, S. Shahrokhi, M. G. Jeschke L.-P. Kamolz Treatment of burns – established and novel Frostbite ................................... 479 technology ................................. 311 D. A. Brown, N. S. Gibran Wound healing ............................. 325 Subject index .............................. 485 VIII List of contributers Gerard J. Abood, M.D. Brett D. Arnoldo, M.D. Stritch School of Medicine; UT Southwestern Medical Center The Robert J. Freeark Professor Department of Dallas, TX, USA Surgery Joan Pere Barret, M.D. Burn and Shock Trauma Institute Val D’Hebron Hospital Burn Center Barcelona, Spain Loyola University Medical Center Maywood, IL, USA Mette M. Berger, M.D. Benjamin Amis, M.D. Adult ICU and Burn Unit University Hospital (CHUV) Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Lausanne, Switzerland University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA Ludwik K. Branski, M.D., M.M.S Harald Andel M.D., Ph.D., M.Sc. Department of Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery Department of Anaesthesie and General Hannover Medical School Intensive Care Hannover, Germany Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria David A. Brown, M.D. Anna Arno, M.D. University of Washington Department of Surgery Burn unit and Plastic Surgery Department WA, USA Vall d’Hebron University Hospital Autonomous University of Barcelona Pavel Brychta, M.D., Ph.D. Barcelona, Spain European Burns Association (EBA), President Ross Tilley Burn Centre Department of Burns and Reconstructive Surgery Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre University Hospital Brno Department of Surgery Czech Republic Division of Plastic Surgery University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada IX List of contributers Kathryn L. Butler, M.D. Gerd G. Gauglitz, M.D. Shriners Hospital for Children Department of Dermatology and Allergy Massachusetts General Hospital Ludwig Maximilians University Harvard Medical School Munich, Germany Boston, MA, USA Günter Germann, M.D., Ph.D. Leopoldo C. Cancio, M.D., FACS ETHIANUM, Clinic for Plastic, USAISR Aesthetic & Preventive Medicine at Heidelberg Ft. Sam Houston University Hospital TX, USA Heidelberg, Germany Roberto Cartotto M.D., FRCS(C) Nicole S. Gibran, M.D. Ross Tilley Burn Centre at Sunnybrook Director, UW Burn Center Health Sciences Centre Professor, Department of Surgery Department of Surgery Harborview Medical Center, University of Toronto Seattle, WA, USA Toronto, ON, Canada Michael Giretzlehner, M.D. Amalia Cochran, M.D., FACS Research Unit for Medical-Informatics Burn-Trauma Center RISC Software GmbH University of Utah Health Center Johannes Kepler University Linz Salt Lake City, UT, USA Upper Austrian Research GmbH Hagenberg, Austria Manuel Dibildox, M.D. Ross Tilley Burn Centre Richard Girtler, M.D. Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Abteilung für Anästhesie und Intensivmedizin Department of Surgery am Wilhelminenspital der Stadt Wien Division of Plastic Surgery Vienna, Austria University of Toronto Caran Graves, M.D. Toronto, ON, Canada Burn-Trauma Center DI(FH) Johannes Dirnberger University of Utah Health Center Research Unit for Medical-Informatics Salt Lake City, UT, USA RISC Software GmbH Burkhard Gustorff, M.D., Ph.D. Johannes Kepler University Linz Abteilung für Anästhesie und Intensivmedizin Upper Austrian Research GmbH am Wilhelminenspital der Stadt Wien Hagenberg, Austria Vienna, Austria Peter Dziewulski, M.D., Ph.D., FFICM FRCS Herbert L. Haller, M.D. FRCS (Plast) UKH Linz der AUVA St. Andrews Centre for Plastic Surgery and Burns Linz, Austria Chelmsford, Essex, UK Bernd Hartmann, M.D. Richard L. Gamelli, M.D., F.A.C.S. Zentrum für Schwerbrandverletzte mit Stritch School of Medicine Plastischer Chirurgie The Robert J. Freeark Professor Department Unfallkrankenhaus Berlin of Surgery Berlin, Germany Burn and Shock Trauma Institute Burn Center Loyola University Medical Center Maywood, IL, USA X List of contributers John L. Hunt, M.D. Matthew B. Klein, M.D., MS, FACS UT Southwestern Medical Center David and Nancy Auth-Washington Dallas, TX, USA Research Foundation Endowed Chair for Restorative Burn Surgery Mary Jako, M.D. Division of Plastic Surgery Ross Tilley Burn Centre University of Washington Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Seattle, WA, USA Department of Surgery Division of Plastic Surgery Judy Knighton, M.D. University of Toronto Ross Tilley Burn Centre Toronto, ON, Canada Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Department of Surgery Marc G. Jeschke, M.D., Ph.D., FACS, FRCSC Division of Plastic Surgery Ross Tilley Burn Centre University of Toronto Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Toronto, ON, Canada Department of Surgery Division of Plastic Surgery Leila Kolios, M.D. University of Toronto Clinic for Hand-, Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Toronto, ON, Canada – Burn Center – Clinic for Plastic and Hand Surgery at Heidelberg Kunaal Jindal, M.D. University Hospital Ross Tilley Burn Centre BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Ludwigshafen, Germany Department of Surgery Paul Kraincuk, M.D. Division of Plastic Surgery University of Toronto Universitätsklinik für Anästhesie Toronto, ON, Canada Allgemeine Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie Vienna, Austria Lars-Peter Kamolz, M.D., Ph.D., M.Sc. David B. Lumenta, M.D. Section of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department of Surgery Department of Surgery Landesklinikum Wiener Neustadt Medical University of Vienna Wiener Neustadt, Austria Vienna, Austria Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Jonathan B. Lundy, M.D. Department of Surgery US Army Institute of Surgical Research Medical University of Vienna Fort Sam Houston Vienna, Austria TX, USA Maike Keck, M.D. Alexis McQuitty, M.D. Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Shriners Hospital for Children Department of Surgery Department of Anesthesiology Medical University of Vienna UTMB Vienna, Austria Galveston, TX, USA XI
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