Handbook of Air Pollution Prevention and Control - Home - KSU

582 Pages·2003·13.32 MB·English

by  Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff

Handbook of
Air Pollutio
Prevention
Control
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HANDBOOK OF
AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION
AND CONTROL

HANDBOOK OF
AIR POLLUTION PREVENTION
AND CONTROL
Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, Ph.D.
N&P Limited
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E I N E M A N N
An imprint of Elsevier Science
Amsterdam Boston London New York Oxford Paris
San Diego San Francisco Singapore Sydney Tokyo
Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier Science.
Copyright 0 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
@ Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Elsevier Science
prints its books on acid-free paper whenever possible.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Cheremisinoff, Nicholas P.
Handbook of air pollution prevention and control / Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7506-7499-7 (alk. paper)
1. Air quality management. 2. Air-Pollution. 3. Factory and trade
waste-Environmental aspects. I. Title.
TD883 .C435 2002
628.5’34~21
20020 18563
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
The publisher offers special discounts on bulk orders of this book.
For information, please contact:
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Elsevier Science
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Printed in the United States of America
CONTENTS
Preface, vii
About the Author, xi
Chapter 1. Introduction to Air Quality, 1
Introduction, 1
An Overview of the Clean Air Act Amendments, 1
Fate and Transport in the Environment, 9
A Few of the Priority Air Pollutants, 15
Indoor Air Quality, 42
Organization of Handbook Subjects, 48
Recommended Resources for the Reader, 51
Review and Questions to Get You Thinking, 51
Chapter 2. Industrial Air Pollution Sources and Prevention, 53
Introduction, 53
Air Pollution in the Chemical Process Industries, 53
Air Pollution in the Petroleum Industry, 79
Air Pollution from Iron and Steel Manufacturing, 112
Air Pollution from Lead and Zinc Smelting, 130
Air Pollution from Nickel Ore Processing and Refining, 134
Air Pollution from Aluminum Manufacturing, 137
Air Pollution from Copper Smelting, 141
Recommended Resources for the Reader, 144
Review and Questions to Get You Thinking, 146
Chapter 3. Properties of Air Pollutants, 148
Introduction, 148
Selected Chemical and Physical Properties of Potential Atmospheric Pollutants, 148
Basic Properties and Terminology, 158
Accessing the World-Wide Web for Data Bases, 183
Recommended Resources for the Reader, 184
Review and Questions to Get You Thinking, 186
Chapter 4. Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality Control, 188
Introduction, 188
An Overview of Indoor Air Quality, 188
The Basics of HVAC Systems, 191
V
IAQ Issues and Impacts on Occupants, 195
Application of Audits to Developing an IAQ Profile, 200
Developing Management Plans, 206
How to Diagnose IAQ Problems, 213
Control, 228
Quantification and Measurement, 238
Recommended Resources for the Reader, 278
Review and Questions to Get You Thinking, 279
Chapter 5. Air Pollution Dispersion, 28 1
Introduction, 281
Dispersion Theory Basics, 282
Estimating the Air Quality Impact of Stationary Sources, 297
Other Models and Resources, 326
Case Study Applying SCREEN, 335
References and Recommended Resources for the Reader, 342
Review and Questions to Get You Thinking, 344
Chapter 6. Prevention Versus Control, 348
Introduction, 348
Pollution Prevention: When and How, 350
Principles of Pollution Prevention, 356
References and Recommended Resources for the Reader, 384
Review and Questions to Get You Thinking, 387
Chapter 7. Prevention and Control Hardware, 389
Introduction, 389
Methods of Particulate Collection, 389
Methods for Cleaning Gaseous Pollutants, 446
References and Recommended Resources for the Reader, 488
Chapter 8. Environmental Cost Accounting, 498
Introduction, 498
Total Cost Accounting Terminology, 500
Case Study, 512
Glossary, 5 15
Index, 553
vi
This volume covers the practices and technologies that are applied to the prevention
of air pollution, and to the cleaning and control of industrial air emissions.
Although there are numerous publications that address these subjects, rarely are
prevention and control concepts considered together in a single volume. This book
provides a bridge for today’s environmental manager by focusing on an integrated
approach to managing air pollution problems within industrial operations. There are
eight chapters.
Chapter 1 provides orientation and an introduction to the subject of air quality. The
focus of this book is on industrial air pollution problems. We begin by reviewing
the regulatory driving force in the United States for air pollution abatement. To
appreciate the objectives of our Federal air pollution control regulations, an
understanding of the fate and transport mechanisms in the environment is
important. Hence, some general discussions on the behavior of pollutants in the
atmosphere are included in this chapter. There are only two general methods for
ensuring high quality air. These options are the application of control technologies
that clean air or remove pollutants, and methods of prevention. In general,
prevention is more cost-effective than the application of end-of-pipe treatment
technologies, however, there are many situations where control technologies
represent the only feasible methods to managing air pollution problems. Both
approaches are presented in this volume, and the reader will need to assess which
is the most appropriate means on a case by case basis. At the end of Chapter 1 you
will fmd a summary of the topics to be discussed in thls volume. This will help you
to focus on specific areas of reading that are most useful to you. There is also a list
of recommended resources, including Web sites, as well as a review section.
In Chapter 2 we focus our attention on some of the point sources of air emissions
within different types of plant operations, along with the methods of abatement and
prevention. Although we do not make direct comparisons between prevention and
control methodologies until Chapter 6, the reader should gain an appreciation for
the simplicity of applying pollution prevention as opposed to incorporating
engineering controls in many situations. While we will not cover all the important
industry sector sources of air pollution in this chapter, an attempt is made to
examine a broad spectrum of so-called “heavy-industries”. These are industry
sectors that are plagued with air pollution problems, and have had a long history
in battling them.