Habsburg and Bourbon Europe 1470-1720 PDF
Preview Habsburg and Bourbon Europe 1470-1720
HABSBURG AND BOURBON EUROPE 1470-1720 Roger Lockyer LONGMAN LONGMAN GROUP LIMITED Longman House, Burnt Mill, Harlow, Essex CM20 2JE, England and Associated Companies throughout the World. © Roger Lockyer All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publishers. First published 1974 Seventh impression 1984 ISBN 0 582 35029 8 Distributed in the United States of America by Longman Inc., New York, N.Y. Printed in Malaysia by Polygraphic Press Sdn. Bhd. Contents PART ONE HABSBURG AND BOURBON EUROPE I EUROPE IN THE LATE-MEDIEVAL, EARLY-MODERN PERIOD page i The Holy Roman Empire 4 Burgundy 6 France 8 Spain 9 Italy 12 Scandinavia 16 Poland 16 Russia 18 Bohemia and Hungary 19 The Ottoman Turks 22 The Idea of Europe 24 2 THE EXPANSION OF EUROPE IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 26 Knowledge of theWorld 26 Technical Advances 2$ Portugal and the Cape Route 31 The Portuguese in the Far East 36 The Portuguese Commercial Empire 37 Columbus 39 The Conquistadores 42 The Administration of the Spanish Empire 45 Spanish Trade with the NewWorld 48 America and Europe 5° vi CONTENTS 3 THE EUROPEAN ECONOMY IN THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES 52 Population and the Price Rise 52 Finance 54 Industry 5® Agriculture 6o Commerce 63 Dutch Commercial Supremacy 65 Religion and Capitalism 68 PART TWO THEJŒFORMATION OF THE CHURCH 4 REFORMATION AND COUNTER-REFORMATION 73 5 THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE 78 The Idea of a ‘Renaissance* 78 City-States and Culture 80 The Classical Revival and Humanism 82 The Ideal o£ the Gentleman 85 The Significance o£ Printing 87 The Renaissance and Christian Morality 88 Medieval or Modem? 90 6 ERASMUS AND CHRISTIAN HUMANISM 93 Germany and the Netherlands 93 The Brethren o£ the Common Life 96 Erasmus 98 France 101 Spain and Italy 103 The Achievement o£ the Christian Humanists 106 7 LUTHER 108 The Papacy and Germany 108 Martin Luther in The Development o£ Luther’s Ideas 115 The Break with Rome 119 Lutheranism and Society 122 CONTENTS VÜ 8 THE REFORMATION IN GERMANY AND SWITZERLAND ^6 Germany 126 Zwingli and Zurich 135 Basle and Strasburg 138 The Anabaptists 140 Calvin and Geneva 143 9 THE REFORMATION OUTSIDE GERMANY AND SWITZERLAND 148 Denmark 148 Sweden 151 The Netherlands 152 France 154 Spain 159 Italy 160 IO THE REFORMATION OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH 162 Sources o£ Inspiration 162 New Orders 165 The Awakening of the Papacy 170 The Council of Trent 173 The Reformed Papacy 177 The Achievement of the Catholic Reformers 178 PART THREE HABSBURG EUROPE II FREEDOM AND ‘LIBERTIES ’ 185 12 WESTERN EUROPE AND THE ITALIAN WARS, 1494“ 1516 T93 Maximilian I and the Movement for Imperial Reform 193 Burgundy 196 The ‘Catholic Kings* 198 Charles I of Spain 202 The French Monarchy under Charles VUI and Louis XII 205 The Struggle for Italy 208 13 CHARLES V, FRANCIS I, AND THE HABSBURG-VALOIS STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY 2I* Charles V 2I4 The Netherlands 2I7 Spain 219 Francis I 221 The ItalianWars, 1516-30 223 The ItalianWars, 1530-59 227 14 THE REVOLT OF THE NETHERLANDS 232 Philip II and the Burgundian Magnates 232 The ‘Compromise’ and the Calvinists 236 William the Silent and the Sea Beggars 241 The Netherlands United and Divided 245 The Emergence of a New State 249 15 THE FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION 254 The Crown and the Magnates 254 Catherine de Medici 258 The Huguenots* Struggle for Survival 262 The Triumph of the Politiques 267 Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes 273 l6 SPAIN UNDER PHILIP H 277 Administration and Finance 277 Philip II and the Church 281 The Turkish Threat 283 Philip II and Western Europe 285 Revolt in Aragon 287 17 POLAND, RUSSIA, AND THE BALTIC STATES IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 290 Poland 290 Russia 297 Sweden 302 Denmark 306 l8 THE OTTOMAN TURKS, AND CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE, IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 3<>8 The Ottoman Turks 308 The Empire 315 CONTENTS ix The German Princes 319 Bohemia 324 Hungary 327 PART FOUR HABSBURG AGAINST BOURBON 19 THE TRIUMPH OF THE POLITIQUES 333 20 THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 340 The Bohemian Crisis 340 The Triumph of Ferdinand II 346 Gustavus Adolphus and Wallenstein 355 The Triumph of France 360 The Peace of Westphalia 363 21 FRANCE I598-166O 370 Administration and Finance 370 The Sale of Offices 376 Aristocratic Factionalism and the Huguenots 378 Richelieu 385 Mazarin and the Frondes 395 22 SPAIN UNDER THE HABSBURGS, I598-I7OO 401 Sources of Weakness 401 Philip m and Lerma 406 Olivares 410 The Decline of Spain 418 23 THE NETHERLANDS, 1609-72 4^3 Oldenbameveld 423 Frederick Henry and the Defeat of Spain 428 De Witt and the Regent Republic 43<* 24 THE BALTIC POWERS IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 443 Sweden 443 Denmark 450 Brandenburg-Prussia 452 Poland 458 Russia 462 X CONTENTS PART FIVE BOURBON EUROPE 25 THE HABSBURG INHERITANCE. AND THE TRIUMPH OF ABSOLUTISM 4Ó9 26 FRANCE UNDER LOUIS XIV 474 Louis XIV and his Ministers 474 Colbert 47^ Jansenism and Relations with Rome 483 The Huguenots 486 Poverty and Riches 488 27 FRANCE AND EUROPE» 166O-I72O 493 The Struggle for the Netherlands 493 The Nine Years War 497 The Spanish Succession 500 28 CHARLES XH, PETER THE GREAT, AND THE GREAT NORTHERN WAR I7OO-2I 509 Charles XII 509 Peter the Great 516 29 THE OTTOMAN TURKS, AND CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE, IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 524 The Ottoman Turks 524 Germany 529 The Habsburg Lands 531 TABLES OF RULERS 536 FAMILY TREES The House of Habsburg 540 Valois and Bourbon 541 French Noble Houses 542 MAPS Sixteenth century Italy The Netherlands in the seventeenth century 547 CONTENTS Xi The Iberian Peninsula 548 The Portuguese in the Far East 549 The Spaniards and Portuguese in the New World 550 The Holy Roman Empire 551 Sweden, Denmark and Brandenburg-Prussia 552 The Ottoman Empire in South-East Europe 553 Russia and Poland 554 BIBLIOGRAPHY 555 INDEX 575
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