GTK Consortium Geological Surveys in Mozambique 2002-2007

319 Pages·10.488 MB·English

by  Pekkala Yrjo et.al. (eds.).

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF FINLAND
Special Paper 48
2008

GTK Consortium Geological Surveys in Mozambique 2002–2007
Edited by Yrjö Pekkala, Tapio Lehto and Hannu Mäkitie
Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 48
Introduction to GTK projects in Mozambique 2002–2007
Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 48
GTK Consortium Geological Surveys in Mozambique
2002−2007
Edited by
Yrjö Pekkala, Tapio Lehto and Hannu Mäkitie
Geological Survey of Finland
Espoo 2008
1
Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 48
Yrjö Pekkala, Tapio Lehto & Matti I. Lehtonen
Pekkala, Yrjö, Lehto, Tapio & Mäkitie, Hannu (eds.) 2008. GTK
Consortium Geological Surveys in Mozambique 2002–2007. Geological
Survey of Finland, Special Paper 48. 321 pages, 196 figures, 14 tables and
6 appendices.
This publication presents 14 papers on various geological, map production
and data management activities conducted by the GTK Consortium within
the frame of the World Bank/Nordic Development Fund financed Mineral
Resources Management Capacity Building Project in Mozambique, 2002 –
2007.
The first paper provides a general introduction to the work carried out by
the GTK Consortium within separate project components. These are described
in more detail in the following papers, starting with data management and
map production, followed by an article on the interpretation of remote sensing
data, and then an article on geophysical and petrophysical surveys.
Geological description begins with a paper on the radiometric ages of
35 rock samples from the mapping areas. The next two papers deal with
structural aspects of the eastern margin of the Archaean Zimbabwe Craton
in western Mozambique and with a new multiple terrane structure within the
Tete-Chipata Belt in northwestern Mozambique. Granitoid rocks, the Tete
Gabbro-Anorthosite Suite and Karoo volcanic rocks with associated intrusions
are described in three papers. The Cretaceous – Quaternary stratigraphy is
presented from the Massingir-Mapai area in southwest Mozambique.
The final three papers deal with the geochemical and industrial mineral
surveys and with conclusions on the mineral resources potential in
Mozambique.
Keywords (GeoRef Thesaurus AGI): areal geology, economic geology,
granites, gneisses, sedimentary rocks, volcanic rocks, Pan-African Orogeny,
Grenvillian Orogeny, geologic maps, airborne methods, geophysical surveys,
absolute age, Archean, Proterozoic, Phanerozoic, Mozambique
Geological Survey of Finland, P.O. BOX 96, FIN-02151 Espoo, Finland
E-mail: yrjo.pekkala@gtk.fi, tapio.lehto@gtk.fi, hannu.makitie@gtk.fi
ISBN 978-952-217-046-0 (paperback)
ISBN 978-952-217-047-7 (PDF)
ISSN 0782-8535
Tampereen Yliopistopaino Oy – Juvenes Print 2008
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Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 48
Introduction to GTK projects in Mozambique 2002–2007
CONTENTS
Editors’ Preface by Yrjö Pekkala, Tapio Lehto & Hannu Mäkitie .......................... 5
Introduction to GTK projects in Mozambique 2002–2007 by Yrjö Pekkala,
Tapio Lehto & Matti I. Lehtonen ............................................................................. 7
Data management and map production in geological mapping projects in
Mozambique by Markku Tiainen, Antti Kahra, Eira Kuosmanen & Olli Rantala .. 23
Integrated geological interpretation of remotely sensed data to support geological
field mapping in Mozambique by Ernst Schetselaar, Markku Tiainen &
Tsehaie Woldai ......................................................................................................... 35
Geophysical maps and petrophysical data of Mozambique
by Tapio Ruotoistenmäki ......................................................................................... 65
Mesoarchaean to Lower Jurassic U-Pb and Sm-Nd ages from NW Mozambique
by Irmeli Mänttäri ................................................................................................... 81
Contribution to the structure at the eastern margin of the Archaean Zimbabwe
craton, Mozambique by Tapio Koistinen, Matti I. Lehtonen, Sérgio Fernando &
Rogério Matola ........................................................................................................ 121
The Tete-Chipata Belt: a new multiple terrane element from western Mozambique
and southern Zambia by A.B. Phil Westerhof, Matti I. Lehtonen, Hannu Mäkitie,
Tuomo Manninen, Yrjö Pekkala, Bosse Gustafsson & André Tahon ...................... 145
Petrography and geochemistry of granitoid rocks in the northern part of Tete
Province, Mozambique by Hannu Mäkitie, Matti I. Lehtonen, Tuomo Manninen,
João M. Marques, Grácio Cune & Hilário Mavie .................................................. 167
Igneous and tectonic setting of the allochthonous Tete Gabbro-Anorthosite Suite,
Mozambique by A.B. Phil Westerhof, André Tahon, Tapio Koistinen,
Tapio Lehto & Christer Åkerman ............................................................................ 191
The Karoo volcanic rocks and related intrusions in southern and central
Mozambique by Tuomo Manninen, Toni Eerola, Hannu Mäkitie, Saku Vuori,
Arto Luttinen, Adriano Sénvano & Vladimiro Manhiça .......................................... 211
Sedimentary rocks of the Mapai Formation in the Massingir-Mapai region, Gaza
Province, Mozambique by Robbert Rutten, Hannu Mäkitie, Saku Vuori &
João M. Marques ..................................................................................................... 251
Geochemical surveys in Mozambique; a data compilation project
by Esko Korkiakoski ................................................................................................ 263
Review of industrial minerals in Mozambique by Yrjö Pekkala, Tapio Kuivasaari,
Reinaldo Gonçalves, Mário Deus, Fátima Chaúque & Carlos Almeida ................ 289
Mineral resources potential in Mozambique by Tapio Lehto &
Reinaldo Gonçalves ................................................................................................. 307
Front cover: Granitic kopje (Zenabe Mountains) near Sussundenga, south of the town of Chimoio, middle
Mozambique (photo Tapio Lehto)
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Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 48
Introduction to GTK projects in Mozambique 2002–2007
GTK Consortium Geological Surveys in Mozambique 2002–2007,
edited by Yrjö Pekkala, Tapio Lehto & Hannu Mäkitie
Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 48
EDITORS’ PREFACE
This Special Paper summarizes the work of the GTK Consortium in
Mozambique 2002–2007, comprising geological mapping, mineral re-
sources assessment, geochemical and industrial mineral surveys, GIS
map production, data management and comprehensive reporting. The
work was carried out within three project components: Geological
Mapping LOT 2 and LOT 3, and Geochemical and Industrial Mineral
(GIM) Surveys. Project LOT 2 was implemented by GTK with the part-
ners ITC (The Netherlands), SGU (Sweden) and Gondwana Lda (Mo-
zambique) and Project LOT 3 by GTK with the partners ITC, GEUS
(Denmark) and Gondwana Lda. The GIM Project was implemented by
GTK together with Gondwana Lda. Mapping areas LOT 2 and LOT 3
covered about 480 000 km2 and resulted in production of 36 map sheets
showing the geology and mineral resources at the 1:250 000 scale and
20 sheets at the 1:50 000 scale. Maps indicating high mineral potential
were prepared at the 1:250 000 scale.
Much of the map preparation was based on integrated geological
interpretation of remote sensing data, comprising previous geological
maps, satellite images, and new regional and high resolution radio-
metric and magnetic airborne data. Field verification was performed at
20 000 observation sites, supported by nearly 30 000 digital photo-
graphs of outcrops and selected samples. Information on 650 mineral
indications, occurrences and deposits was collected in a mineral occur-
rence database. Of these, about 140 more significant occurrences were
checked in the field and the database updated accordingly. Laboratory
work comprised 440 whole rock chemical analyses (XRF), 1600 min-
eral analyses (microprobe) and 1000 petrographical thin section stud-
ies. In addition, petrophysical properties of about 700 samples of major
rock types were measured to support the interpretation of airborne geo-
physics. During the bedrock mapping of the LOT 2, 38 rock samples
were collected for radiometric dating by GTK Consortium geologists.
The zircon TIMS U-Pb and Nd-Sm mineral isochron ages were proc-
essed at GTK and the secondary ion microprobe (SHRIMP) zircon U-
Pb isotopic data were measured at VSEGEI, St. Petersburg.
The geology and mineral occurrences are described in four volumes
of Map Explanations totalling about 1400 pages, prepared in 2006. Map
Explanation Volume 1 covers the whole of southern Mozambique. Only
in the northwestern corner of this mapping area, south of Manica, are
Proterozoic rocks exposed, while by far the majority of the area is cov-
ered by Phanerozoic units, from Karoo sediments and volcanics to ex-
tensive Cretaceous – Tertiary sedimentary rocks. Pliocene – Holocene
formations essentially comprise reworked weathering products. Vol-
ume 2 covers the map sheets along the Zimbabwe border from the south
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Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 48
Yrjö Pekkala, Tapio Lehto & Matti I. Lehtonen
of Tete to the south of Manica. In this area the rocks of the Archaean
Zimbabwe Craton were observed to extend clearly further east into Mo-
zambique than previously assumed. Map Explanation Volume 3 covers
the area to the east of Volume 2 up to the Indian Ocean, comprising
Proterozoic lithologies in the west but mostly Phanerozoic units from
the Karoo to the Quaternary towards the east. Map Explanation Volume
4 describes the geology of the northern part of Tete Province, bordering
Zambia in the north and Zimbabwe in the west, which is characterized
by Mesoproterozoic schists and granitoids, and Phanerozoic sedimen-
tary rocks.
In the Geochemical component of GIM Surveys the available previ-
ous data were collected, reliable samples re-analyzed and digital, geo-
chemical maps and databases were created, based on newly processed
and evaluated data. Complementary analyses were made on 1 144 se-
lected old samples and close to 2 000 new samples were collected and
assayed.
Within the Industrial Minerals component the existing data were col-
lected, evaluated and compiled into database. Field checking, sampling
and laboratory testing (over 100 samples) was carried out on those de-
posits with the greatest potential.
A map of industrial minerals presenting over 350 deposits was pre-
pared together with another map outlining the high priority areas for
industrial mineral commodities. The final results and technical reports
as well as the Annual Review of Industrial Minerals in Mozambique
were compiled.
Espoo, June 2, 2008
Yrjö Pekkala, Tapio Lehto, Hannu Mäkitie
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Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 48
Introduction to GTK projects in Mozambique 2002–2007
GTK Consortium Geological Surveys in Mozambique 2002–2007,
edited by Yrjö Pekkala, Tapio Lehto & Hannu Mäkitie
Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 48, 7–22, 2008
INTRODUCTION TO GTK PROJECTS IN
MOZAMBIQUE 2002–2007
by
Yrjö Pekkala, Tapio Lehto & Matti. I. Lehtonen
Pekkala, Y., Lehto, T. & Lehtonen, M. I. 2008. Introduction to GTK projects in
Mozambique 2002–2007. Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 48, 7–22,
3 figures.
During 2002–2007, Mozambique was the most important target country within GTK’s
international projects with a total value of €7.9 M. Geological mapping was part of
Geological Infrastructure Development Program, a component in the World Bank and
NDF financed Mineral Resources Management Capacity Building Project.
The mining policy of the Government of Mozambique focuses on the promotion of
private investments to develop the mining sector, based on the favourable geological
environment and mining potential of the country. As part of this policy, the Ministry
of Mineral Resources (MIREM), through the National Directorate of Geology (DNG),
intends to develop the geoscientific infrastructure of the country in support of mining
investments promotion as well as sustainable social and economic development. The
availability of basic geological information is an important parameter in promoting
investments as well as an essential tool for planning the construction of infrastructure
and for predicting natural disasters.
The GTK Consortium (GTK as the leading partner together with ITC the Neth-
erlands, SGU Sweden, GEUS Denmark and Gondwana Lda Mozambique) was re-
sponsible for projects that produced geological and mineral resources maps cover-
ing an area of 480 000 sq km, which is about 60% of the total area of Mozambique
(801 590 sq km). The "Geochemical and Industrial Mineral Surveys" project involved
the compilation of all geochemical surveys carried out in the country and followed
these up with new targeted surveys to identify areas with mineral potential for explora-
tion. The evaluation of industrial minerals and construction materials in the whole of
Mozambique will strengthen the basis for the improvement of infrastructure.
Key words (GeoRef Thesaurus AGI): areal geology, bedrock mapping, geochemical
surveys, mineral resources, geologic maps, programs, Mozambique.
Geological Survey of Finland, P.O. Box 96, FIN-02151 Espoo, Finland
E-mail: yrjo.pekkala@gtk.fi, tapio.lehto@gtk.fi
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The mining policy of the Government of Mo- the favourable geological environment and mineral
zambique focuses on the promotion of private in- potential of the country. As part of this policy, the
vestments to develop the mining sector, based on Ministry of Mineral Resources (Ministério dos Re-
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Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 48
Yrjö Pekkala, Tapio Lehto & Matti I. Lehtonen
cursos Minerais, MIREM), through the National difficulties in carrying out fieldwork. Therefore, it
Directorate of Geology (Direcção Nacional de Geo- is of utmost importance to complete and update the
logia, DNG), fosters the development of the nation- national geo-scientific infrastructure. The Govern-
al geo-scientific infrastructure in support of mining ment of Mozambique has therefore implemented
investment promotion and the sustainable social the Mineral Resources Management Capacity
and economic development of the country. The Building Project (MRMP), funded by the World
availability of basic geological information is an Bank (IDA, AfDB, NDF). Within this major inter-
important parameter to promote investments as well national project, the GTK Consortium was awarded
as an essential tool for planning the construction of three important components: Geological Mapping
infrastructure and for natural hazards mitigation. LOT 2 and LOT 3 and Geochemical and Industrial
Mozambique has made great efforts to develop Mineral Surveys
the basic geo-scientific infrastructure of the coun- The main objective of the country-wide map-
try. Geological mapping and extensive geochemi- ping programme was to revise previous maps and
cal and geophysical surveys have been carried out unpublished mapping results in certain areas and to
since independence. The archives of the DNG con- upgrade the quality of geological maps in others,
tain an impressive wealth of geo-scientific infor- to provide consistent coverage in terms of quality
mation. However, most of this information is now throughout the Mozambican territory. The geologi-
outdated in reference to the technology used and cal mapping was based on a modern approach re-
the geological concepts supporting mineral explo- solving stratigraphic and structural problems and
ration. Moreover, the geological mapping carried providing good geochronological control data. The
out in the decade before independence (1975) and following papers present the activities and main re-
during the period of civil strife was limited by the sults achieved in these studies.
LOT 2
The sub-component Geological Mapping –
LOT 2 was a part of the Mineral Resource Man-
agement Capacity Building Project, Component 2:
Geological Infrastructure Development Project in
the Republic of Mozambique (GIDP), financed by
the Nordic Development Fund. LOT 2 geological
mapping was assigned to the GTK-ITC-Gondwana-
SGU Consortium1 , hereafter referred to as the GTK
Consortium. The Contract (No. 02/QCBS/B.2.2/
MIREME-UCPM/2002) was signed in Maputo on
17.10.2002 by H.E. Castigo Langa, Minister of Min-
eral Resources and Energy, and Prof Gabriel Gaál,
Research Director, Geological Survey of Finland
(GTK). In December 2003, the LOT 2 Extension,
covering approximately 50% of three 1:250 000
scale maps in the Province of Zambézia, was added
to the original LOT 2 Contract. The LOT 2 Exten-
sion Contract was signed in Maputo on 9.1.2004 by
Mr Elias Daudi, National Director of Direcção Na-
cional de Geologia (DNG), and Dr Yrjö Pekkala,
Assistant Director (GTK). In this connection the
reporting schedule was also revised and draft final
products were to be submitted for review in the be-
ginning of July 2006 and the final products by the
end of November 2006.
The main task of the GIDP was to re-map, up-
grade and improve existing geological maps in or-
Fig. 1. GTK mapping areas in Mozambique: LOT 2 and LOT 3 areas
der to create a comprehensive and uniform coverage and their extensions.
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Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 48
Introduction to GTK projects in Mozambique 2002–2007
of geological maps for Mozambique (Fig. 1). The uted between three areas: Fíngoè, Changara and
objective of the LOT 2 Geological Mapping was Manica.
to re-map and improve existing maps at the scale The LOT 2 is bordered in west by Zimbabwe, in
1:250 000 of the Tete, Manica and Sofala provinces north by Zambia and in northeast by Malawi. The
in NW Mozambique, as well as to map a number southern margin of the area is the 20° south latitude
of selected areas with mineral potential within the and the eastern margin the 35° east longitude. The
same provinces at the scale 1:50 000. During the Extension Area is located between the 35° east lon-
project the number of map sheets to be produced at gitude and the Indian Ocean and latitudes 17° S and
the scale 1:250 000 was agreed to be 14 due to the 18° S. The total LOT 2 mapping contract covered
combination of part sheets. The Extension Area was about 185 000 km².
to be presented in three separate map sheets, also
covering the Phanerozoic Formations, included in 1 GTK: Geological Survey of Finland (leading partner) – ITC:
International Institute for Geo-information and Earth Observation,
the LOT 3 Extension Contract. The agreed number
the Netherlands – Gondwana: Mozambican geological consultancy
of map sheets at the scale 1:50 000 was 20, distrib- partnership – SGU: Geological Survey of Sweden
Organization
The responsibilities in the project were divided • Mineral deposits: Tapio Lehto, Esko Korkiakoski,
between the Consortium partners as follows: Yrjö Pekkala, Tapio Kuivasaari (GTK) Reinaldo
Gonçalves (Gondwana)
GTK: Management, financial follow-up, map pro-
duction, interpretation of airborne geophysics; • Data management: Markku Tiainen, Antti Kahra
(GTK)
ITC: Remote sensing with satellite images (Land-
sat and Aster), processing and interpretation, • Databases: Olli Rantala, Antti Kahra, Tapio Lehto,
airborne geophysics to support field mapping Esko Korkiakoski, Jari Väätäinen, Marita Ranta-
and map interpretation, topographic baseline Pantti (GTK)
data;
• Map production: Olli Rantala, Antti Kahra, Markku
GTK-Gondwana Lda-SGU-ITC: Geological map- Tiainen, Eira Kuosmanen, Hilkka Saastamoinen,
ping; Merja Janhila, Anneli Lindh, Hanna Virkki, Riikka
Koskinen, Mirjam Ajlani, Helena Saarinen (GTK)
GTK-Gondwana Lda: Mineral occurrences, pro-
curement and logistics. • Processing and interpretation of remote sensing
and geophysical data: Ernst Schetselaar, Tsehaie
Woldai, Sally Barritt (ITC), Tapio Ruotoistenmäki,
Personnel involved in LOT 2, starting with the
Hilkka Arkimaa (GTK)
data collection, compilation and preliminary map
interpretations followed by fieldwork and finally • Topographic data: Markku Tiainen, Antti Kahra,
by the preparation of geological and mineral occur- Eira Kuosmanen, Tuomo Manninen (GTK)
rence maps, map explanations and the various data-
• Geological explanations: Phil Westerhof (ITC),
bases, were as follows:
Matti Lehtonen, Tapio Koistinen, Hannu Mäkitie,
• Management and reporting: Yrjö Pekkala, Tapio Tuomo Manninen, Saku Vuori, Yrjö Pekkala, Tapio
Lehto, Markku Tiainen (GTK), Elias Daudi, Na- Lehto, Irmeli Mänttäri (age determinations) (GTK),
tional Director of Direcção Nacional de Geologia João Marques (Gondwana)
(DNG)
• DNG geologists and technicians involved in LOT 2
• Geological Mapping: Matti Lehtonen (team training and fieldwork: Grácio Cune, Olavo De-
leader), Tapio Koistinen, Hannu Mäkitie, Tuomo niasse, Sérgio Fernando, Rogério Matola, Hilário
Manninen, Esko Korkiakoski, Saku Vuori, Toni Ee- Mavie, Inácio Saranga, Celestino de Sousa, Gus-
rola (GTK), Christer Åkerman, Bosse Gustafsson todio Cornélio, Ernesto Correia, Abdul Faquir,
(SGU), João Marques, Reinaldo Gonçalves, Mau- Vittorino Garife, Victorino Joaquim, Jose Nampu-
rizio Ferrara, Mário Deus, Amad Mamad (Gond- lula, Viriato Nhampula, Luis Saunda, Ussene Vasco
wana), André Tahon, Phil Westerhof (ITC) Ussene (DNG)
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Geological Survey of Finland, Special Paper 48
Yrjö Pekkala, Tapio Lehto & Matti I. Lehtonen
LOT 3
Within the framework of the Mineral Resource all 1:250 000 scale map sheets of southern and cen-
Management Capacity Building Project (Republic tral Mozambique (Fig. 1). The existing mapping sit-
of Mozambique), Component 2 (Geological Infra- uation of the LOT 3 area before the project was that
structure Development Project), financed by the good quality geological maps at the scale 1:250 000
Nordic Development Fund, the Sub-Component had been published from southern and south-eastern
Geological Mapping – LOT 3 was assigned to the part of the area, whereas the western part was lack-
GTK-ITC-Gondwana-GEUS Consortium , hereaf- ing geological maps of that scale. The Geological
ter referred to as the GTK Consortium2. The con- Map of Mozambique at the 1:1 M scale was the only
tract for LOT 3 geological mapping was signed in published map from that part of Mozambique.
Maputo on 12.9.2003 by H.E. Castigo Langa, Min- The geological mapping of LOT 3 was carried
ister of Mineral Resources and Energy, and Prof out by four organizations: GTK, ITC, GEUS and
Gabriel Gaál, Research Director, Geological Sur- Gondwana Lda. The responsibilities for various
vey of Finland. The contract for the LOT 3 exten- tasks were shared between the partners according to
sion was signed in Maputo on 9.1.2004, by Mr Elias the resources, expertise and personnel involved.
Xavier Félix Daudi, National Director of Geology
(DNG), and Dr Yrjö Pekkala, Assistant Director of
Geological Survey of Finland (GTK). 2 GTK: Geological Survey of Finland (leading partner) – ITC:
International Institute for Geo-Information and Earth Observation, the
The objective of the project was to produce mod-
Netherlands – Gondwana Lda: Mozambican geological consultancy
ern upgraded geological maps in digital format for partnership – GEUS: Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland.
Organization
GTK was in charge of the overall management, João Marques, Maurizio Ferrara, Amad Mamad
coordination, geological mapping, data manage- (Gondwana), Robbert Rutten (ITC)
ment, map production, final products and reporting.
• Mineral deposits: Tapio Lehto, Yrjö Pekkala, Tapio
ITC’s main responsibility was remote sensing and
Kuivasaari (GTK) Reinaldo Gonçalves (Gondwana)
the compilation of preliminary geological maps.
GEUS took care of the preparation of simplified • Data management: Markku Tiainen, Antti Kahra
topographic maps, while Gondwana Lda participat- (GTK)
ed in geological mapping, mineral resources assess-
• Databases: Olli Rantala, Antti Kahra, Tapio Lehto,
ment and logistics in Mozambique. The activities
Esko Korkiakoski, Jari Väätäinen, Marita Ranta-
carried out within the project were subdivided into Pantti (GTK)
three major phases:
• Map production: Olli Rantala, Antti Kahra, Markku
1) Data gathering and preparation;
Tiainen, Eira Kuosmanen, Hilkka Saastamoinen,
2) Geological review and compilation of the map Merja Janhila, Anneli Lindh, Hanna Virkki (GTK)
data;
• Processing and interpretation of remote sensing
3) Verification and final digital products. and geophysical data: Ernst Schetselaar, Tsehaie
Woldai, Sally Barritt (ITC), Tapio Ruotoistenmäki,
This division into three phases was defined in the Hilkka Arkimaa (GTK)
TOR document. However, many important activi-
• Topographic data: Willy Weng, Björn Hermanssen
ties, such as map production and data management,
(GEUS); Markku Tiainen, Antti Kahra, Eira Kuos-
overlapped and continued throughout the project.
manen, Tuomo Manninen (GTK)
The activities of the project were organised to be
carried out by teams with different expertise, each • Geological explanations: Phil Westerhof (ITC),
Hannu Mäkitie, Tuomo Manninen, Saku Vuori,
team having clearly defined roles in the overall
Yrjö Pekkala, Tapio Lehto, Irmeli Mänttäri (age
process:
determinations) (GTK), João Marques, Maurizio
• Management and reporting: Yrjö Pekkala, Markku Ferrara (Gondwana)
Tiainen, Tapio Lehto (GTK), Elias Daudi, National
• DNG personnel involved in training and field-
Director of Direcção Nacional de Geologia (DNG)
work were: Vladimiro Manhiça, Adriano Sénvano,
• Geological Mapping: Hannu Mäkitie (team leader), Rogério Matola, Inácio Saranga, Hilário Mavie,
Tuomo Manninen, Saku Vuori, Toni Eerola (GTK), Vittorino Garife and Carlos Pambo
10