Table Of Content

GREEN ENERGY GREEN ENERGY A Sustainable Future M.A.PARVEZMAHMUD SchoolofElectrical,Mechanicaland InfrastructureEngineering TheUniversityofMelbourne Parkville,VIC,Australia SHAHJADIHISANFARJANA SchoolofEngineering DeakinUniversity Geelong,VIC,Australia CANDACELANG SchoolofEngineering MacquarieUniversity Sydney,NSW,Australia NAZMULHUDA SchoolofEngineering MacquarieUniversity Sydney,NSW,Australia AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2023ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. MATLAB®isatrademarkofTheMathWorks,Inc.andisusedwithpermission. TheMathWorksdoesnotwarranttheaccuracyofthetextorexercisesinthisbook. 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Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgein evaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.In usingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyof others,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors, assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproducts liability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products, instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. ISBN:978-0-323-85953-0 ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:JosephP.Hayton AcquisitionsEditor:LisaReading EditorialProjectManager:MoisesCarloP.Catain ProductionProjectManager:KameshRamajogi CoverDesigner:MilesHitchen TypesetbyVTeX Contents Listoffigures ix Listoftables xiii 1. Introductiontogreenandsustainableenergy 1 1.1. Challengesandobjectives 1 1.2. Maincontributions 3 1.3. Bookoutline 5 2. State-of-the-artlifecycleassessmentmethodologiesappliedin renewableenergysystems 7 2.1. Introduction 7 2.2. Reviewselectioncriteriaandmethod 11 2.3. Lifecycleassessmentofrenewablepowerplants 12 2.4. LCAofrenewableenergysystems 17 2.5. Geographiclocation-wiseLCAofrenewableenergysystems 31 2.6. Summaryandoutlook 40 2.7. Conclusionandfuturerecommendation 45 3. Environmentalimpactsofsolar-PVandsolar-thermalplants 47 3.1. Introduction 48 3.2. Materialsandmethods 52 3.3. Resultsanddiscussion 58 3.4. Limitationsofthisstudy 71 3.5. Conclusions 71 4. Environmentalimpactsofhydropowerplants 73 4.1. Introduction 73 4.2. HydropowerplantsofalpineandnonalpineareasinEurope 78 4.3. Methodology 80 4.4. Results 88 4.5. Discussion 96 4.6. Limitationsandfutureimprovements 98 4.7. Conclusion 102 v vi Contents 5. Environmentalimpactassessmentofrenewablepowerplantsin theUS 103 5.1. Introduction 103 5.2. USelectricitygenerationandconsumptionoverview 109 5.3. Methodology 109 5.4. Resultsandinterpretation 118 5.5. Uncertaintyanalysis 124 5.6. Sensitivityanalysis 129 5.7. Discussion 131 5.8. Conclusion 132 6. Comparativeenvironmentalimpactassessmentofsolar-PV, wind,biomass,andhydropowerplants 135 6.1. Introduction 136 6.2. Materialsandmethods 138 6.3. Resultsanddiscussion 147 6.4. Conclusion 160 7. Advancedenergy-sharingframeworkforrobustcontroland optimaleconomicoperationofanislandedmicrogridsystem 161 7.1. Introduction 161 7.2. Power-routingframework 164 7.3. Optimization-basedenergy-sharingmodel 166 7.4. Power-routingcontrolstrategy 168 7.5. Simulationandresults 171 7.6. Conclusion 177 8. Environmentalimpactassessmentandtechno-economicanalysis ofahybridmicrogridsystem 179 8.1. Introduction 179 8.2. Microgridsystemoverview 183 8.3. Methods 185 8.4. Resultsanddiscussion 193 8.5. Sensitivityanalysis 198 8.6. Conclusion 200 9. Futuredirectionstowardsgreenandsustainableenergy 205 9.1. Booksummaryandconcludingremarks 205 9.2. Futureresearchdirections 209 Contents vii A. Listofacronyms 211 B. Listofsymbols 213 References 215 Index 231 List of figures Figure2.1 Systematicoverviewofthekeystepsfollowedtoconductthis review. 12 Figure2.2 ThekeyLCAstages[1]. 12 Figure2.3 TheLCAframework[1]. 13 Figure2.4 Thecommonlifecycleinventoryforenergysystems[2]. 14 Figure2.5 SchematicrepresentationofLCAmethods. 15 Figure2.6 Comparisonofkeyimpactsofvariousrenewableplants[2]. 43 Figure2.7 Keyimpactsofsolar-PVplants. 43 Figure2.8 Keyimpactsofhydropowerplants. 44 Figure2.9 Keyimpactcomparisonwithwindpowerplants. 44 Figure2.10 Keyimpactcomparisonwithbiomasspowerplants. 45 Figure3.1 Schematicframeworkofthesolar-PVsystem. 53 Figure3.2 Schematicframeworkofthesolar-thermalsystem. 53 Figure3.3 Step-by-stepenergyandmaterialflowsforbothsystems. 55 Figure3.4 SystemboundaryoftheLCA. 56 Figure3.5 Lifecycleinputsandoutputsofthesolar-PVsystemusingthe RMFmethodology. 59 Figure3.6 Environmentalprofilesoftheconsideredsolar-PVsystem. 60 Figure3.7 End-pointimpactsoftheindividualcomponentsofthe solar-PVsystem. 60 Figure3.8 Lifecycleinputsandoutputsofthesolar-thermalsystem usingtheRMFmethodology. 62 Figure3.9 Environmentalprofilesoftheconsideredsolar-thermalsystem. 62 Figure3.10 End-pointimpactsoftheindividualcomponentsofthe solar-thermalsystem. 63 Figure3.11 Comparisonofenvironmentalimpactsfromthesolar-PVand thesolar-thermalsystem. 64 Figure3.12 End-pointimpactcomparisonofthesystemsusingImpact 2002+methodology. 65 Figure3.13 GHGemissionofthesolar-PVsystemwithatimeperiodof 100years. 66 Figure3.14 GHGemissionofthesolar-thermalsystemwithatimeperiod of100years. 67 Figure3.15 GHGemissionofthesystemsasdeterminedusingIPCC methodology. 67 Figure3.16 Requiredenergyfromdifferentsourcestobuild,operate,and disposeofbothsystems. 68 ix x Listoffigures Figure3.17 Probabilitydistributionforthesingle-scoreimpactcategory ofthesolar-PVsystem. 70 Figure3.18 Probabilitydistributionforthesingle-scoreimpactcategory ofthesolar-thermalsystem. 71 Figure4.1 MapofthealpineboundaryinEurope(source:2ndReporton theStateoftheAlps)[3]. 79 Figure4.2 Hydropowerproductionscenariosinalpineandnonalpine areasofEurope[4]. 80 Figure4.3 StagesoftheLCAmethod[5]. 81 Figure4.4 Materialsflowsheetfor1MJofhydropowergenerationinan alpineregion. 82 Figure4.5 Materialsflowsheetfor1MJofhydropowergenerationina nonalpineregion. 83 Figure4.6 LCAsystemboundaryusedinthisresearch. 84 Figure4.7 LCAmethodsusedinthisresearch. 87 Figure4.8 Globalwarming-basedimpactoutcomecomparison. 89 Figure4.9 Ozoneformation-basedimpactoutcomecomparison. 89 Figure4.10 Ecotoxicity-basedimpactoutcomecomparison. 90 Figure4.11 Waterconsumption-basedimpactoutcomecomparison. 90 Figure4.12 Effectoutcomecomparisonforotherimpactindicators. 91 Figure4.13 End-pointdamageassessmentoftheplantsusingtheImpact 2002+approach. 92 Figure4.14 GHGemissionsasdeterminedbytheIPCCapproach. 94 Figure4.15 Comparativelifecycleinputsandoutputsofhydropower plantsofalpineandnonalpineregionsasdeterminedbythe RMFmethod. 95 Figure4.16 Environmentalimpactsofvariouspowerplants. 99 Figure4.17 Probabilitydistributionforthesingle-scoreimpactcategory ofhydropowerplantsofalpinezones. 99 Figure4.18 Probabilitydistributionforthesingle-scoreimpactcategory ofhydropowerplantsofnonalpinezones. 99 Figure5.1 ElectricityconsumptionoverviewintheUSbasedondifferent energysources[6]. 111 Figure5.2 Materialflowsheetfor1kWhofsolar-PVpowergeneration. 112 Figure5.3 Materialflowsheetfor1kWhofpumpedstoragehydropower generation. 113 Figure5.4 Materialflowsheetfor1kWhofbiomasspowergeneration. 114 Figure5.5 Commonsystemboundaryforallpowergeneration processesusedinthisLCAanalysis. 116 Figure5.6 Lifecycleimpactassessmentmethodsusedinthisresearch. 117