Green Carbon Dioxide: Advances in CO2 Utilization

327 Pages·2014·4.252 MB·English

by  Gabriele Centi, Siglinda Perathoner

GREEN CARBON DIOXIDE

GREEN CARBON DIOXIDE
ADVANCES IN CO UTILIZATION
2
Editedby
Gabriele Centi
Siglinda Perathoner
UniversityofMessina,ERICaisblandCASPE/INSTM,Italy
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Greencarbondioxide:advancesinCO2utilization/editedbyGabrieleCenti,SiglindaPerathoner.
pagescm
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-118-59088-1(cloth)
1. Carbondioxide–Industrialapplications.2. Carbondioxidemitigation. I.Centi,G.(Gabriele),
1955-editorofcompilation.II.Perathoner,Siglinda,1958-editorofcompilation.
TP244.C1G7352014
665.8′9–dc23
2013034528
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10987654321
CONTENTS
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xvii
Contributors xix
1. PerspectivesandStateoftheArtinProducingSolarFuels
andChemicalsfromCO 1
2
GabrieleCentiandSiglindaPerathoner
1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 GHGImpactValuesofPathwaysofCO Chemical
2
Recycling 3
1.1.2 CO RecyclingandEnergyVectors 7
2
1.2 SolarFuelsandChemicalsFromCO 8
2
1.2.1 RoutesforConvertingCO toFuels 9
2
1.2.2 H ProductionUsingRenewableEnergy 11
2
1.2.3 ConvertingCO toBaseChemicals 12
2
1.2.4 RoutestoSolarFuels 14
1.3 TowardArtificialLeaves 16
1.3.1 PECCellsforCO Conversion 17
2
1.4 Conclusions 19
Acknowledgments 20
References 20
2. TransformationofCarbonDioxidetoUseableProducts
ThroughFreeRadical-InducedReactions 25
G.R.Dey
2.1 Introduction 25
2.1.1 Background 26
2.2 ChemicalReductionofCO 29
2
2.2.1 PhotochemicalReductionofCO 29
2
2.2.2 ElectrochemicalReductionofCO 38
2
2.3 Conclusions 46
Acknowledgments 46
References 46
v
vi CONTENTS
3. SynthesisofUsefulCompoundsfromCO 51
2
BoxunHuandStevenL.Suib
3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 PhotochemicalReduction 53
3.3 ElectrochemicalReduction 55
3.4 ElectrocatalyticReduction 57
3.4.1 TransitionMetalNanoparticleCatalysts 58
3.4.2 CoordinationComplexes 69
3.4.3 Enzymes 70
3.5 CO Hydrogenation 71
2
3.5.1 ActivePhases 71
3.5.2 ProductsofCO Hydrogenation 74
2
3.5.3 DeactivationandRegeneration 77
3.5.4 MechanismsofCO Hydrogenation 79
2
3.6 CO Reforming 84
2
3.7 ProspectsinCO Reduction 86
2
Acknowledgments 86
References 86
4. HydrogenationofCarbonDioxidetoLiquidFuels 99
MuthuKumaranGnanamani,GaryJacobs,VenkatRamanaRaoPendyala,
WenpingMa,andBurtronH.Davis
4.1 Introduction 99
4.2 MethanationofCarbonDioxide 100
4.3 MethanolandHigherAlcoholSynthesisbyCO
2
Hydrogenation 102
4.4 HydrocarbonsThroughModifiedFischer-TropschSynthesis 105
4.5 Conclusions 114
References 115
5. DirectSynthesisofOrganicCarbonatesfromCO andAlcohols
2
UsingHeterogeneousOxideCatalysts 119
YoshinaoNakagawa,MasayoshiHonda,andKeiichiTomishige
5.1 Introduction 120
5.2 Ceria-BasedCatalysts 122
5.2.1 ChoiceofCeriaCatalystsinDirectDMCSynthesis 122
5.2.2 PerformancesoftheCeriaCatalystinDMC
Synthesis 123
5.2.3 DirectSynthesisofVariousOrganicCarbonatesfrom
AlcoholsandCO WithoutAdditives 125
2
5.2.4 ReactionMechanism 125
5.2.5 Ceria-ZirconiaCatalysts 128
5.2.6 ModificationofCeria-BasedCatalysts 129
CONTENTS vii
5.2.7 UseofAcetonitrileasaDehydratingAgentforDMC
Synthesis 129
5.2.8 UseofAcetonitrileasDehydratingAgentforSynthesis
ofVariousCarbonates 132
5.2.9 UseofBenzonitrileasDehydratingAgent 133
5.2.10 DeactivationoftheCeriaCatalystinthePresence
ofBenzonitrile 135
5.2.11 UseofOtherDehydratingAgents 136
5.3 Zirconia-BasedCatalysts 137
5.3.1 StructureandCatalyticPerformanceofZirconia 137
5.3.2 ModificationofZirconiaCatalysts 139
5.3.3 ReactionMechanismoverZirconia-BasedCatalysts 140
5.3.4 CombinationofDehydratingAgentswith
Zirconia-BasedCatalysts 144
5.4 OtherMetalOxideCatalysts 145
5.5 ConclusionsandOutlook 145
References 146
6. High-Solar-EfficiencyUtilizationofCO :theSTEP(Solar
2
ThermalElectrochemicalProduction)ofEnergeticMolecules 149
StuartLicht
6.1 Introduction 149
6.2 SolarThermalElectrochemicalProductionofEnergetic
Molecules:anOverview 151
6.2.1 STEPTheoreticalBackground 151
6.2.2 STEPSolar-to-ChemicalEnergyConversion
Efficiency 155
6.2.3 IdentificationofSTEPConsistentEndothermic
Processes 161
6.3 DemonstratedSTEPProcesses 165
6.3.1 STEPHydrogen 165
6.3.2 STEPCarbonCapture 165
6.3.3 STEPIron 170
6.3.4 STEPChlorineandMagnesiumProduction(Chloride
Electrolysis) 178
6.4 STEPConstraints 180
6.4.1 STEPLimitingEquations 180
6.4.2 PredictedSTEPEfficienciesforSolarSplitting
ofCO 182
2
6.4.3 ScalabilityofSTEPProcesses 184
6.5 Conclusions 186
Acknowledgments 186
References 186
viii CONTENTS
7. ElectrocatalyticReductionofCO inMethanolMedium 191
2
M.Murugananthan,S.Kaneco,H.Katsumata,T.Suzuki
andM.Kumaravel
7.1 Introduction 191
7.2 ElectrocatalyticReductionofCO inMethanolMedium 193
2
7.2.1 EffectofElectrolyteContainingSalt 200
7.2.2 EffectofElectrodeMaterials 204
7.2.3 EffectofPotential 208
7.3 MechanismsofCO ReductioninNonaqueousProtic
2
(CH OH)Medium 210
3
7.4 Conclusions 211
References 213
8. SyntheticFuelProductionfromtheCatalyticThermochemical
ConversionofCarbonDioxide 215
NavadolLaosiripojana,KajornsakFaungnawakij,
andSuttichaiAssabumrungrat
8.1 Introduction 215
8.2 GeneralAspectsofCO Reforming 218
2
8.3 CatalystSelectionforCO ReformingReaction 221
2
8.3.1 ActiveComponents 221
8.3.2 SupportandPromoter 226
8.4 ReactorTechnologyforDryReforming 228
8.5 ConversionofSynthesisGastoSyntheticFuels 230
8.5.1 Gas-to-Liquid 231
8.5.2 MethanolandDME 234
8.6 Conclusions 239
Acknowledgments 240
References 240
9. FuelProductionfromPhotocatalyticReductionofCO
2
withWaterUsingTiO -BasedNanocomposites 245
2
YingLi
9.1 Introduction 245
9.2 CO Photoreduction:PrinciplesandChallenges 246
2
9.3 TiO -BasedPhotocatalystsforCO Photoreduction:Material
2 2
Innovations 247
9.3.1 TiO NanoparticlesandHigh-Surface-AreaSupport 247
2
9.3.2 Metal-ModifiedTiO Photocatalysts 248
2
9.3.3 Metal-ModifiedTiO SupportedonMesoporous
2
SiO 249
2
9.3.4 Nonmetal-DopedTiO Photocatalysts 251
2