GMOs and Political Stance: Global GMO Regulation, Certification, Labeling, and Consumer Preferences PDF
Preview GMOs and Political Stance: Global GMO Regulation, Certification, Labeling, and Consumer Preferences
GMO AND POLITICAL STANCE S This pageintentionallyleftblank GMO AND S POLITICAL STANCE Global GMO Regulation, Certification, Labeling, and Consumer Preferences Edited by M A N UHAMMAD MJAD AWAZ AdvancedEngineeringSchool(Agrobiotek),TheNationalResearchTomskStateUniversity,Tomsk,Russia G C YUHWA HUNG DepartmentofBiotechnology,ChonnamNationalUniversity,YeosuCampus,Chonnam,SouthKorea K S. G IRILL OLOKHVAST AdvancedEngineeringSchool(Agrobiotek),TheNationalResearchTomskStateUniversity,Tomsk,Russia; SiberianFederalScientificCenterofAgrobiotechnology,RussianAcademyofSciences,Krasnoobsk,Russia; N.I.VavilovAll-RussianResearchInstituteofPlantGeneticResources,SaintPetersburg,Russia; SECinNanotechnology,EngineeringSchool,FarEasternFederalUniversity,Vladivostok,Russia A M. T RISTIDIS SATSAKIS DepartmentofToxicologyandForensics,SchoolofMedicine,UniversityofCrete,VoutesCampus,Heraklion, Crete,Greece AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2023ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical, includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthe publisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandour arrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefound atourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher(otherthanasmay benotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperiencebroadenour understanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingandusingany information,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbe mindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeanyliabilityforany injuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseor operationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. ISBN:978-0-12-823903-2 ForInformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:NikkiLevy AcquisitionsEditor:NancyMaragioglio EditorialProjectManager:KyleGravel ProductionProjectManager:SujathaThirugnanaSambandam CoverDesigner:GregHarris TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India Contents List of contributors xi 2.5 Consumers’attitudetowardgenetically modifiedfoods 17 1. GMOs: History, Economic Status, Risks, 2.6 Ethicalandenvironmentalconcerns 18 2.7 Healthissues 19 and Socio-Economic Regulatory 2.8 Emergenceofresistantpathogens 20 Frameworks 1 2.9 Harmonizationofregulatoryprocedures 20 MuhammadAmjadNawaz,MuhammadAmjadAli, 2.10 Product-basedandprocess-basedregulation KirillS.Golokhvast,AristidisM.TsatsakisandGyuhwaChung ofgeneticallymodifiedorganisms 21 2.11 TheUSapproach:focusontheproduct 24 1.1 Abriefhistoryofgeneticallymodified 2.12 TheEUapproach:focusontheprocess 24 organisms 1 2.13 Impactofgeneticallymodifiedorganisms 1.1.1 Defininggeneticallymodified regulationsontheeconomy 25 organisms 1 2.14 Thedebatebetweentwolobbies:pro-GMO 1.1.2 Majoreventsintheearlydevelopment andGreenpeace 25 ofgeneticallymodifiedorganisms 2 2.15 Conclusionsandthewayforward 28 1.2 Globaleconomicstatusofgeneticallymodified References 28 organisms 2 1.3 Geneticallymodifiedorganismsinthelightof 3. GMO Regulations in Bangladesh 31 science,law,andpolitics 5 1.4 Risksassociatedwithgeneticallymodified NusratSultanaandMd.ImdadulHoque organisms 7 1.4.1 Humanhealth 7 3.1 Summary 31 3.2 Adoptionofgeneticallymodifiedorganismsin 1.4.2 Disturbancesinecosystemand Bangladesh 31 biodiversity 8 1.5 Politicizationofrisks 9 3.2.1 AnintroductionoftheBangladesh’s statusongeneticallymodified 1.6 Socioeconomicregulatoryframeworks 10 organisms 32 1.7 Cartagenaprotocol,UNRiodeclaration,and 3.2.2 Roleofbiotechsectorineconomicsof geneticallymodifiedorganisms 11 References 12 theBangladesh 32 3.2.3 Statusofresearchongenetically modifiedorganismsinBangladesh 32 2. The need of regulations for 3.3 Publicperceptionandacceptability 33 GM crops and products thereof 15 3.3.1 Generalconsumerattitudetoward geneticallymodifiedfood 33 AqsaParvaiz,SadamMunawar,MuhammadAmjadNawaz, 3.3.2 Factorsshapingpublicperception 34 GhulamMustafa,MuhammadSarwarKhanandFaizAhmadJoyia 3.3.3 Sourceofinformationavailabletopublic 2.1 Introduction 15 ongeneticallymodifiedfoods(media, 2.2 Needfortheregulationofgenetically government,NGOs,andbiotech modifiedorganisms 16 companies) 35 2.3 Publicconcernsaboutgeneticallymodified 3.3.4 Publicperceptionandattitudetoward organisms 17 geneticallymodifiedpolicies 2.4 Globalscenario 17 (globalandlocal) 38 v vi Contents 3.4 RoleofNGOsingeneticallymodified 4.9.4 Foodsafetylaw 68 organismsperception 39 4.9.5 Seedlaw 69 3.5 Legislation 39 4.9.6 Restrictionsongeneticallymodified 3.5.1 Nationallawsspecifictogenetically organismsinChina 69 modifiedorganisms 39 4.10 Socioeconomicimpactsofgenetically 3.6 Agencyregulations 40 modifiedorganisms 70 3.6.1 Biosafetycertification 40 4.11 Conclusion 71 3.7 Generaladministrationofqualitysupervision, References 71 penalties,inspectionandquarantine,import andexport,andtransit 48 5. GMO Regulations in India 75 3.8 Guidanceforsafetyassessmentofgenetically JeyachandranSivakamavalliandYashikaPusam modifiedorganismsinBangladesh 48 3.8.1 Generalprecautions 50 5.1 Introduction 75 3.8.2 Generalprinciplesofsafety 5.2 Recentscenarioofgeneticallymodified assessment 50 organismsinIndia 76 References 51 5.2.1 Guidelineofgeneticallymodified organismsinIndia 78 5.3 Endorsementsandpreclusions 81 4. Agricultural genetically modified 5.4 Patternsinarea,production,andproductivity organisms (GMOs) regulation ofgeneticallymodifiedcropsinIndia 81 in China 53 5.5 Monetary,socialandenvironmentalimpactof UsmanBabarandRuqiangXu geneticallymodifiedcropsinIndia 82 5.6 Biosafetyconcerns 83 4.1 Introduction 53 5.6.1 Transgenicanimalsforeconomic 4.2 Geneticallymodifiedorganisms advancements 84 legislation 55 5.7 Benefitsofmouse 85 4.2.1 Ministryofagricultureandrural 5.8 Usesofgeneticallymodifiedanimals 87 affairs 55 5.9 Agriculturalapplications 88 4.2.2 Generaladministrationofquality References 89 supervision,inspectionand quarantine 55 6. Adaptation of genetically modified 4.3 Geneticallymodifiedorganismregulationin crops in Pakistan 93 China 56 HafizaIqraAlmas,MuhammadTehseenAzhar, 4.4 Geneticallymodifiedorganismapprovaland RanaMuhammadAtif,MuhammadAhsanIqbal, certification 57 AzeemIqbalKhanandIqrarAhmadRana 4.5 Geneticallymodifiedorganismslabeling policy 58 6.1 Currentstatusofgeneticallymodified 4.6 Consumerpreferencesandpolitical organismsinPakistan 93 stance 59 6.2 Roleofbiotechsectorintheeconomyof 4.7 Approvedagriculturalgeneticallymodified Pakistan 94 organismsofChina 60 6.3 Statusofresearchongeneticallymodified 4.8 Geneticallymodifiedorganismliability organismsinPakistan 95 regime 60 6.4 Statusofcommercializationofgenetically 4.9 Geneticallymodifiedorganismsimport modifiedorganisms 99 legislation 66 6.5 GeneticallymodifiedcropsinPakistan 103 4.9.1 Unauthorizedgeneticallymodified 6.6 Legislation 107 organismregulation 66 6.6.1 Nationallawsspecifictogenetically 4.9.2 Plantvarietyrightslegislation 67 modifiedorganisms 107 4.9.3 Plantbreeder’sright 67 6.6.2 NationalBiosafetyCommittee 107 vii Contents 6.7 TechnicalAdvisoryCommittee 108 8. Genetically modified 6.8 InstitutionalBiosafetyCommittee 109 organism status, regulation, approval, 6.8.1 RelationshipofIBC,TACand labeling, and consumer perception in NBC 109 ASEAN 129 6.8.2 Regulatoryauthority 110 6.8.3 Generaladministrationofquality BahagiawatiAmirhusin supervision,penalties,inspection,and 8.1 Introduction 129 quarantine 112 8.2 Geneticallymodifiedorganism 6.9 Typesofimportandexport 112 commercializationandeconomic 6.10 Regulatorylawsformonitoringand importance 130 testing 113 8.3 Statusofregulationongeneticallymodified References 113 organismbiosafety 133 Furtherreading 114 8.4 Approvalgeneticallymodifiedorganism status 140 7. Genetically modified organisms in 8.5 GeneticallymodifiedorganismR&D Korea: state of affairs, policy, and status 141 regulation 115 8.6 Labelingofgeneticallymodified Ik-YoungChoi,TaeyoungUmandGyuhwaChung organisms 144 8.7 Publicperception,awareness,andacceptanceof 7.1 Summary 115 geneticallymodifiedorganismproducts 144 7.2 GeneticallymodifiedorganismsinKorea 116 8.8 Conclusions 147 7.2.1 Definitionofandcriteriaforgenetically References 147 modifiedorganismsinKorea 116 7.2.2 Geneticallymodifiedorganism 9. Current and future perspectives of cultivationandimportsinKorea 117 7.2.3 Geneticallymodifiedorganism genetically modified organisms in consumptionandawarenessin North America 151 Korea 117 UsmanIjaz,AimenShafique,NayabHasnain, 7.2.4 Geneticallymodifiedorganismresearch NaeemIqbalBabar,RoshanZameerandFarrukhAzeem inKorea 119 7.3 Geneticallymodifiedorganismpolicyin 9.1 Introduction 151 Korea 119 9.2 Regulationofgeneticallymodified 7.3.1 Managementofgeneticallymodified organisms 152 organismsafetyinKorea 119 9.2.1 Canada 152 7.3.2 Geneticallymodifiedorganismdamage 9.2.2 Mexico 153 relief 122 9.2.3 TheUnitedStates 154 7.3.3 Biosafetyinformationcenter 122 9.3 Principlesandrolesofgeneticallymodified 7.4 Geneticallymodifiedorganismregulationin organismlabeling 155 Korea 123 9.4 Labelingpoliciesofgeneticallymodified 7.4.1 Geneticallymodifiedorganismlabeling organisms 155 inKorea 123 9.5 Consumerinterestininformationand 7.4.2 Criteriaformixingofgenetically consequenceforfoodsecurity 156 modifiedorganisms 124 9.6 Consumersattitudeandpreferencefor 7.4.3 Processforgeneticallymodifiedorganism geneticallymodifiedorganisms 157 R&DinKorea 125 9.7 Guidanceforsafetyassessmentofgenetically 7.4.4 Import,product,andprocessingof modifiedorganisms 159 geneticallymodifiedorganisms 125 9.8 Conclusion 160 References 127 References 160 viii Contents 10. Genetically modified organisms in 11.2.1 GeneralcharacteristicsoftheRussian Europe: state of affairs, birth, research, and geneticallymodifiedorganisminterest grouppolitics 176 the regulatory process(es) 165 11.2.2 Commonpublicconcernsabout AllahBakhsh,RidaZainab,MuhammadAmjadAli, geneticallymodifiedorganisms 177 GyuhwaChung,KirillS.Golokhvastand 11.2.3 Positionofthescientific MuhammadAmjadNawaz community 178 10.1 Stateofgeneticallymodifiedorganismaffairs 11.2.4 Positionofantigeneticallymodified inEurope 165 organismgroups 178 10.2 Birthandgrowthofgeneticallymodified 11.2.5 Positionofthemedia 179 organismresearchintheEurope 166 11.2.6 Positionofthereligiousgroups 180 10.3 HighlightsoftheEC-sponsoredresearchon 11.2.7 Positionoftheenvironmentalist geneticallymodifiedorganisms(andtheir groups 180 safety) 166 11.2.8 Positionofthebusinessgroups 181 10.4 Politicsandregulationofgeneticallymodified 11.2.9 Positionofthegovernment 182 organismsintheEurope 168 11.3 Geneticallymodifiedorganismpolicyin 10.4.1 Background 168 Russia 183 10.4.2 Legalframework 169 11.3.1 Historyofthenationalgenetically 10.4.3 EuropeanFoodSafetyAuthority 169 modifiedorganismpolicy 10.4.4 Geneticallymodifiedorganism formulation 183 labeling 169 11.3.2 Nationalgeneticallymodified 10.4.5 Needforgeneticallymodified organismdevelopmentprograms 183 organismreformsintheregulatory 11.3.3 Lawsandregulationsthatapplyto frameworkintheEurope 170 geneticallymodifiedorganisms 184 10.4.6 Approachesforreformingthe 11.4 Geneticallymodifiedorganismregulationin geneticallymodifiedorganisms Russia 187 legislationintheEurope 171 11.4.1 Governmentagenciesresponsiblefor References 171 geneticallymodifiedorganism regulationinRussia 187 11.4.2 Biosafetycertificationofgenetically 11. Genetically modified organisms in modifiedproducts 187 Russia: state of affairs, politics, 11.4.3 Registrationofgeneticallymodified and regulation 173 organismproducts 188 11.4.4 Labelingofgeneticallymodified IvanPisarev,MuhammadAmjadNawazandKirillS.Golokhvast organismproducts 189 11.4.5 Regulationsofemerginggeneediting 11.1 GeneticallymodifiedorganismsinRussia: technologies 189 stateofaffairs 173 References 190 11.1.1 Historyofgeneticallymodified organismdevelopmentinRussia 173 12. An overview of regulations of 11.1.2 Roleofbiotechsectorintheeconomy ofRussia 174 genetically modified organisms in 11.1.3 Statusofthegeneticallymodified Tu¨rkiye 193 organismresearchinRussia 174 AllahBakhsh,MdJakirHossain,BayramAliYerlikaya, 11.1.4 Statusofgeneticallymodified SefaAytenandSebahattinO¨zcan organismcommercializationin Russia 175 12.1 Background 193 11.2 Geneticallymodifiedorganisminterestgroup 12.2 Presentgeneticallymodifiedorganismsstatus politicsinRussia 176 andtheirmaintenancepoliciesinTu¨rkiye 195 ix Contents 12.3 Geneticallymodifiedorganismslegislationin 13.2.1 Directactionagainstgenetically Tu¨rkiye 203 modifiedcrops 239 12.4 Basicprinciplesondifferentaspectsofcurrent 13.2.2 Scientificevidenceongenetically geneticallymodifiedorganismslegislationin modifiedorganismsrepresentsvarious Tu¨rkiye 204 conclusions 239 12.4.1 Inspectionsystemlegislation 218 13.2.3 NGOs’useofscience 240 12.4.2 Certificateofgeneticallymodified 13.2.4 Considerationsbeyondscience 241 organismsornongeneticallymodified 13.2.5 Differingevaluationsofriskandneed organisms 221 forpolicychange 241 12.4.3 Documentstakenintoaccountin 13.2.6 NGOs’roleintheprogressof geneticallymodifiedorganisms geneticallymodifiedgoldenrice 241 controls 222 13.2.7 Thegeneeditingdebate 242 12.4.4 Conformityforimport 223 13.3 Legislation 243 12.4.5 Labeling 223 13.4 Agencyregulations 245 12.4.6 Sampling 224 13.5 Generaladministrationofquality,supervision, 12.4.7 Exportcontrolofgenetically penalties,inspection,andquarantine.Import modifiedorganismsandproducts andexporttransit 246 thereof 225 References 249 12.4.8 Transitpasscontrolsofgenetically modifiedorganismsandproducts 14. Genetically modified crops in Africa: thereof 226 constraints, prospects, and policies 257 12.4.9 Domesticcontrolofgenetically NdikoLudidi modifiedorganisms 226 12.4.10 Traceability 227 14.1 ConstraintsandprospectsforAfricanfood 12.5 Conclusion 228 security 257 References 229 14.2 Africangeneticresourcesandtheir potential 258 13. GMOs in Mediterranean & Balkan 14.3 Publicperceptionofbiotechnologyand countries: state of affairs, research, Africanpoliciesongeneticallymodifies and regulation 231 crops 258 14.4 Conclusion 260 KokkinakisEmmanouil,AntoniouMichael,RobinsonClaire, References 260 VardavasAlexanderandAristidisM.Tsatsakis 13.1 Publicperceptionandacceptability 231 15. Regulation of CRISPR edited food and 13.1.1 Labeling 232 feed: legislation and future 261 13.1.2 Characterizationofpublicopposition MuhammadZubairGhouri,NaylaMunawar, togeneticallymodifiedcropsand SyedOvaisAftabandAftabAhmad foods 232 13.1.3 Industryresponsestopublic 15.1 Background 261 attitudes 233 15.2 Geneticallymodifiedcropsandtheir 13.1.4 Roleofeducationandscientific potentialbenefits 263 knowledge 234 15.2.1 Regulatoryperspectivesofgenetically 13.1.5 Experimentinpublicengagementand modifiedorganisms 264 education 236 15.2.2 Process-basedregulationsfor 13.1.6 Consumers’views 236 geneticallymodifiedorganisms 264 13.1.7 Evidenceofhealthrisks 237 15.2.3 Product-basedregulationsfor 13.2 RoleofNGOsinpublicperceptionof geneticallymodifiedorganisms 265 geneticallymodifiedorganismsintheEU 238 15.2.4 Plantswithnoveltraits 265
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