GKS Theory and Practice PDF
Preview GKS Theory and Practice
EurographicSeminars Tutorials and Perspectives in Computer Graphics Edited by G.Enderle and D.A.Duce EurograpbicSeminars Tutorials and Perspectives in Computer Graphics Eurographics Tutorials '83. Edited by P.J. W. ten Hagen. XI, 425 pages, 164 figs., 1984 User Interface Management Systems. Edited by G.E. Pfaff. XII, 224 pages, 65 figs., 1985 Methodology of Window Management. Edited by F. R. A. Hopgood, D. A. Duce, E. V. C. Fielding, K. Robinson, A. S. Williams. XV, 250 pages, 41 figs., 1985 Data Structures for Raster Graphics. Edited by L. R. A. Kessener, F. J. Peters, M. L. P. van Lierop. VII, 201 pages, 80 figs., 1986 Advances in Computer Graphics I. Edited by G. Enderle, M. Grave, F. Lillehagen. XII, 512 pages, 168 figs., 1986 Advances in Computer Graphics II. Edited by F. R. A. Hopgood, R. J. Hubbold, D. A. Duce. X, 186 pages, 96 figs., 1986 Advances in Computer Graphics Hardware I. Edited by W. StraBer. X, 147 pages, 76 figs., 1987 GKS Theory and Practice. Edited by P. R. Bono, I. Herman. X, 316 pages, 92 figs., 1987 Intelligent CAD Systems I. Edited by P.J. W. ten Hagen, T. Tomiyama. X, 360 pages, 119 figs., 1987 P. R. Bono I. Herman (Eds.) GKSTheory and Practice With 92 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo EurographicSeminars Edited by G. Enderle and D.A. Duce for EUROGRAPHICS - The European Association for Computer Graphics P.O. Box 16, CH-1288 Aire-Ia-Ville Editors Peter R. Bono Peter R. Bono Associates, Inc. P.O. Box 648 Gales Ferry, CT 06335, U.S.A. Ivan Herman Insotec Consult GmbH Franz-Joseph-Stra8e 14 D-8000 Munchen 40, FRG Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. GKS theory and practice. (EurographicSeminars) 1. Computer graphics-Standards. 1. Bono, P. R. (PeterR.) II. Herman, 1. (Ivan) III. Series. T385.G571987 006.687-26397 ISBN-13: 978-3-642-72932-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-72930-0 DOl: 10.\007/978-3-642-72930-0 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifica\ly the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereoi is only permitted under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its version of June 24, 1985, and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fall under the prosecution act of the German Copyright Law. © 1987 EUROGRAPHICS The European Association for Computer Graphics, P.O. Box 16, CH-1288 Aire-Ia-Ville Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1987 The use of general descriptive names, trade marks, etc. in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. Unix™ is a trademark of AT&T Bell Laboratories 2145/3140-543210 In Memoriam Gunter Enderle We shall not cease from exploration And the end of all our exploring Will be to arrive where we started And know the place for the first time. T. S. Eliot, Four Quartets Gunter Enderle, Series Editor of EurographicSeminars, died in hospital on 13 Janu ary 1987 at the age of 42, following a tragic road accident. Gunter's death robbed the world of a great engineer, computer scientist, manager and above all, personality. Gunter founded the EurographicSeminars series, and since the publication of the first volume in 1984, the series has grown steadily and includes volumes covering a broad range of topics from introductory to advanced research. The high standards set by the series originate in Gunter's own very high professional standards. Gunter himself made deep and lasting contributions to the development of stan dards for computer graphics and GKS in particular. He was deeply involved in the development of GKS from the earliest days, and many of us in the UK remember vividly the excellent tutorial he gave on GKS at the Rutherford Appleton Labora tory in 1981. It was for many people their first exposure to the thinking and con cepts behind GKS and did a very great deal to promote understanding of GKS in the UK. Gunter's own book on GKS, with Klaus Kansy and Gunter Pfaff, Com puter Graphics Programming is a classic in the field. Gunter himself, proposed this present volume, GKS Theory and Practice, and it is appropriate therefore that it should be dedicated to his memory. I think that he would have been proud of the excellent job done by Peter Bono and Ivan Herman in assembling this collection of papers. Gunter will be greatly missed by his many friends and colleagues, especially by myself, co-editor of this series. Requiescat in Pace. David Duce Preface As the first international graphics standard, the Graphical Kernel System (GKS) has influenced heavily the concepts, architectures, and algorithms associated with device-independent and machine-independent graphics programming. Several dozen implementations are available commercially; no doubt, hundreds more partial and complete implementations exist in large companies, universities, and research insti tutes worldwide. The purpose of assembling this collection is to make available, in one easy-to-use reference, a handbook that can be helpful to those specialists who want to have a deeper insight into the problems that arise when trying to realize GKS in a specific environment, under practical circumstances. The book should also be valuable in supplementing university courses concerned with teaching the principles of imple menting device-independent computer graphics. The book should be especially valu able outside Europe: in the u.S. and the rest of the Americas, in Asia, and in Aus tralia, where Eurographics publications are not so widely disseminated and available. With few exceptions, the widely available references on GKS concentrate on describing the standard itself, rather than on the issues associated with implementing the standard. Since the beginnings of the graphics standardization effort, the Euro graphics Association, through its annual conferences and its journal Computer Graphics Forum, has promoted an open exchange of information about the design and testing of GKS and about GKS's relationship with the other components of a graphics system. However, these important papers are scattered across five years of publications. Many of the GKS papers - although important at the time - were of only transitory interest because they discussed aspects of GKS that were either made obsolete or resolved by subsequent changes to GKS as it evolved to its present form. The remaining papers are of enduring interest; the best of these we have gathered into this volume. GKS was formally approved as an International Organization for Standardization standard (ISO 7942) on 15 August 1985; however, it has been technically frozen since late 1982. As of this writing, language bindings for GKS are in various states of standardization: FORTRAN, Pascal, and Ada are at the Draft International Standard (DIS) stage; consequently, they can be viewed as technically frozen. The C viii language binding has been registered only recently as a Draft Proposal (DP); conse quently, it may change somewhat before being approved and published. The bibliography at the end of this introduction gives the official designations of the stan dards and suggests some textbooks on GKS. This collection selected from all the papers presented at Eurographics Conferences or published in Computer Graphics Forum since 1981 is organized into four parts. The first section deals with architectures for GKS systems. Part two presents several extremely useful algorithms needed for the correct implementation of GKS. Part three addresses the topics of certifying and formally specifying GKS. The fourth part deals with proposals for bindings to languages - Prolog and ALGOL68 - not currently planned for standardization by ISO/TC97/SC21/WG2, the standards body responsible for computer graphics within the ISO Technical Committee on Informa tion Processing. We hope you will find these papers interesting, instructive, and ultimately valu able. We would like to acknowledge the generous cooperation of the editors and publishers of Computer Graphics Forum who assisted us in assembling this collection. We hope you find our efforts worthwhile. We also would like to recognize the substantial contributions of David Duce and Bob Hopgood, who coordinated the production of this next volume in the Eurogra phicSeminars series. Peter R. Bono Ivan Herman Gales Ferry, Connecticut Budapest U.S.A. Hungary Current address: Munich Federal Republic of Germany January, 1987 Textbooks 1. F. R. A. Hopgood, D. A. Duce, J. R. Gallop and D. C. Sutcliffe, Introduction to the Graphical Kernel System (GKS), Academic Press, Second Edition (1986). 2. G. Enderle, K. Kansy and G. Pfaff, Computer Graphics Programming: GKS - The Graphics Standard, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Second Edition (1987). The Standards ISO Document Designation GKS ISO 7942 - 1985 GKSFORTRAN ISO DIS 8651/1 GKS Pascal ISO 2nd DIS 8651/2 GKS Ada ISO DIS 8651/3 GKSC ISO DP 8651/4 GKS-3D ISO DIS 8805 GKS-3D FORTRAN ISO DP 8806/1 Table of Contents The original source of each paper, and year of publication, is indicated by CGF (Computer Graphics Forum) or EG (Eurographics conference proceedings) after the authors' names. Part I: Concepts and Architectures ............................................................................. 1 A GKS Interface to a Realtime Oriented Raster Workstation for CAD Applications R. Lindner and J. Rix (EG 1981) ............................................................................... 3 On Developing a GKS Driver Architecture for Raster Workstations J. Rix (EG 1983) ..................................................................................................... 15 Common Graphics Manager (CGM) - Concepts and Their Realization R. Buhtz (EG 1982) ................................................................................................. 25 A General Device Driver for GKS I. Herman and J. Reviczky (CGF 1985) ................................................................... 37 XGKS -A Multitask Implementation of GKS I. Herman, T. Tolnay-Knefely and A. Vincze (EG 1983) .......................................... 47 A VLSI Implementation of the Graphics Standard GKS J. L. Encarnacao, R. Lindner, M. Mehl, G. Pfaff and W. Strasser (CGF 1983) ...... 55 A Token Based Graphics System G. J. Reynolds (CGF 1986) ...................................................................................... 67 Part II: Algorithms ................................................................................................... 79 Polygonal Clipping of Polylines A. J. Matthew (CGF 1984) ...................................................................................... 81 Algorithms for Handling the Fill Area Primitive of GKS Y. N. Shinde and S. P. Mudur (CGF 1986) ........................................................... 101 x An Algorithmic Interpretation of the GKS TEXT Primitive K. W. Brodlie and G. Pfaff (CGF 1983) ................................................................. 123 A Method of Displaying Transformed Picture Rectangles Using GKS Raster Functions H. Schumann and A. Kotzauer (CGF 1986) ........................................................... 137 An Implementation of the GKS-3D/ PRIGS Viewing Pipeline K. Singleton (EG 1986) ................................ ... ....................................................... 145 Part ill: Specification and Certification .................................................................. 185 A Practical Strategy for Certifying GKS Implementations K. W. Brodlie, M. C. Maguire and G. E. Pfaff (EG 1982) ..................................... 187 Configuring Reference Systems for Certifying GKS Implementations M. Goebel and W. Huebner (EG 1985) .................................................................. 205 An Algebraic Approach to the Standardization and the Certification of Graphics Software R. Gnatz (CGF 1983) ............................................................................................. 219 Towards a Formal Specification of the GKS Output Primitives D. A. Duce and E. V. C. Fielding (EG 1986) ......................................................... 239 Part IV: Programming Language Interfaces ........................................................... 267 GKS Inquiry Functions Within Prolog P. Sykes and R. Krishnamurti (EG 1985) ............................................................... 269 GKS Based Graphics Programming in Prolog W. Huebner and Z. 1. Markov (CGF 1986). ........................................................... 277 A Proposal for an ALGOL 68 Binding of GKS R. R. Martin and C. Anderson (CGF 1985) ........................................................... 293 Contact Addresses................................................................................................... 315 Part I: Concepts and Architectures Although GKS (and its extensions to three-dimensions, GKS-3D) is a fully specified set of functions, its size and complexity means that a careful software design should be made prior to any kind of implementation, if acceptable size and speed charac teristics are to be achieved. In other words, avoiding the pitfalls depends largely on the software skills and experience of the implementors. Hence, it has always been of great interest to see how other implementations are organized or structured. The actual architecture depends on the environment where GKS is expected to run. In this section, we have selected two papers which aim at a special GKS Workstatiqn realization in a raster environment (Lindner and Rix; Rix), while three others are concerned with general software problems (Buhtz; Herman and Reviczky; Herman et al.). Another paper (Encarnacao et al.) deals with the VLSI implementation of GKS, a problem which gains more and more importance nowadays with the availa bility of advanced graphics chips from Intel, Thomson, National Semiconductor Corporation, Texas Instruments etc. Finally, Reynolds' paper gives an overview of a process-oriented graphic system architecture, an approach that also may be of great interest in the future. Most of these papers appeared fairly early in the development of GKS. Conse quently, they refer to early versions of GKS. The final GKS version was version 7.4; any earlier versions will differ from the final version in several details. Nevertheless, the architectural concepts described are still valid and useful to implementors.
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