Gardner's Art through the Ages: A Global History

1107 Pages·2010·233.08 MB·English

by  Fred S. Kleiner

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G A R D N E R ’ S
A RT
T H RO U G H T H E
A G E S
A G L O B A L H I S TO RY
E T E
NHANCED HIRTEENTH DITION
Fred S. Kleiner
Australia •Brazil •Japan •Korea •Mexico •Singapore •Spain •United Kingdom •United States
Gardner’s Art through the Ages:A Global History, © 2011,2009,2005 Wadsworth,Cengage Learning
Enhanced Thirteenth Edition
Fred S.Kleiner ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.No part of this work covered by the copyright
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Cover Image:Woman Holding a Balance,c.1664 (oil on canvas), Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions
VERMEER,JAN(1632–75)/National Gallery of Art,Washington,DC, with officelocations around the globe,including Singapore,the United
USA/The Bridgeman Art Library Kingdom,Australia,Mexico,Brazil,and Japan.Locate your local officeat:
international.cengage.com/region
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Printed in the United States ofAmerica
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13 12 11 10 09
A b o u t t h e C ove r A r t
Jan Vermeer,Woman Holding a Balance,ca.1664.Oil on canvas,
1(cid:2)3 –7(cid:3)(cid:4)1(cid:2)2(cid:3).National Gallery ofArt,Washington,D.C.(Widener
8
Collection).
JAN VERMEER (1632–1675) was the preeminent painter of Dutch domestic interiors. Women figure
prominently in Vermeer’s paintings,which are idealized depictions that reflect the social values of the
17th-century Dutch middle class.In Woman Holding a Balance,a young woman wearing a veil and a fur-
trimmed jacket stands before a table on which are spread her most precious possessions—pearl neck-
laces,gold chains,and gold coins.But neither the woman nor her treasures are the focus ofthe viewer’s
attention.Rather,Vermeer drew the viewer’s eye to the center ofthe canvas and the balance for weighing
gold that the woman holds in her right hand.The scales,however,are empty—in perfect balance,the way
Ignatius ofLoyola advised Catholics (Vermeer was a Catholic convert in the Protestant Dutch Republic)
to lead a temperate,self-aware life and to balance one’s sins with virtuous behavior.The mirror on the
wall may refer to self-knowledge,but it may also symbolize the sin ofvanity,as do the pearls and gold.
Bolstering this interpretation is Vermeer’s inclusion ofa large framed painting ofthe Last Judgmentde-
picting Christ as weigher ofsouls.Therefore,this tranquil domestic scene is pregnant with hidden mean-
ing.The woman holds the scales in balance and contemplates the life she must lead—a life free from the
temptations ofworldly riches—in order to be judged favorably on Judgment Day.
The trio of covers for this enhanced 13th edition of Art through the Agesfeatures one work each of
painting,sculpture,and architecture,dating from the fourth century BCEto the 1990s,by one man,one
woman,and one anonymous artist.The selection mirrors the content ofthe book as a whole,which sur-
veys the art of all periods from prehistory to the present and worldwide,and examines artworks and
buildings ofall types,signed and anonymous,in the context ofthe cultures in which they were created.
C O N T E N T S
PREFACE xi ❚ ART AND SOCIETY: Hammurabi’s Law Code 43
❚ WRITTEN SOURCES: Babylon, City of Wonders 48
INTRODUCTION THE BIG PICTURE 51
WHAT IS ART HISTORY? 1
CHAPTER 3
Art History in the 21st Century 2
EGYPT UNDER
Different Ways of Seeing 12
THE PHARAOHS 53
CHAPTER 1 The Predynastic and Early Dynastic Periods 54
The Old Kingdom 59
ART BEFORE HISTORY 15
The Middle Kingdom 64
Paleolithic Art 15
The New Kingdom 67
Neolithic Art 24
First Millennium BCE 77
❚ MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Paleolithic Cave Painting 20
❚ ART AND SOCIETY: Art in the Old Stone Age 21 ❚ RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: The Gods and Goddesses
of Egypt 54
❚ MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: The World’s Oldest
❚ ART AND SOCIETY: Mummification and Immortality 57
Paintings? 22
❚ ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: Building the Great Pyramids 60
THE BIG PICTURE 29
❚ ART AND SOCIETY: Hatshepsut, the Woman Who Would
Be King 68
CHAPTER 2
THE BIG PICTURE 79
THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST 31
Sumer 32 CHAPTER 4
Akkad and the Third Dynasty of Ur 39 THE PREHISTORIC AEGEAN 81
Second Millennium BCE 43 Cycladic Art 82
Assyria 45 Minoan Art 84
Neo-Babylonia and Persia 47 Mycenaean Art 90
❚ RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: The Gods and Goddesses ❚ ART AND SOCIETY: Archaeology, Art History, and the Art
of Mesopotamia 33 Market 83
❚ MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Mesopotamian Seals 39 ❚ ART AND SOCIETY: The Theran Eruption and the Chronology
❚ ART AND SOCIETY: Enheduanna, Priestess and Poet 41 of Aegean Art 87
❚ WRITTEN SOURCES: The Piety of Gudea 42 THE BIG PICTURE 97
iv
CHAPTER 5 ❚ MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Shang Bronze-Casting 183
ANCIENT GREECE 99 ❚ MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Chinese Jade 185
❚ RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Daoism and Confucianism 186
Geometric and Orientalizing Periods 100
❚ MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Silk and the Silk Road 188
Archaic Period 105
❚ ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: Chinese Wooden Construction 189
Early and High Classical Periods 118
❚ MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Chinese Painting Materials
Late Classical Period 137 and Formats 190
Hellenistic Period 145 ❚ ARTISTS ON ART: Xie He’s Six Canons 191
❚ RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: The Gods and Goddesses ❚ MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Chinese Earthenwares
and Stonewares 196
of Mount Olympus 101
❚ MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Greek Vase Painting 104 ❚ RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY Chan Buddhism 201
❚ ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: Greek Temple Plans 109 THE BIG PICTURE 205
❚ ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: Doric and Ionic Orders 110
❚ RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Herakles, Greatest of Greek CHAPTER 8
Heroes 120
JAPAN BEFORE 1333 207
❚ MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Hollow-Casting Life-Size
Bronze Statues 122 Japan before Buddhism 207
❚ WRITTEN SOURCES: Polykleitos’s Prescription for the Perfect Buddhist Japan 210
Statue 124
❚ RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Shinto 211
❚ ART AND SOCIETY: The Hegeso Stele 134
❚ ART AND SOCIETY: Heian Court Culture 217
❚ ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: The Corinthian Capital 144
❚ ART AND SOCIETY: Heian and Kamakura Artistic
THE BIG PICTURE 155
Workshops 219
THE BIG PICTURE 221
CHAPTER 6
SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA CHAPTER 9
BEFORE 1200 157
THE ETRUSCANS 223
India and Pakistan 157
Early Etruscan Art 224
Southeast Asia 174
Later Etruscan Art 231
❚ RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Buddhism and Buddhist
Iconography 161 ❚ RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Etruscan Counterparts
of Greco-Roman Gods and Heroes 225
❚ WRITTEN SOURCES: Ashoka’s Conversion to Buddhism 162
❚ WRITTEN SOURCES: Etruscan Artists in Rome 226
❚ ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: The Stupa 163
❚ ART AND SOCIETY: The “Audacity” of Etruscan Women 227
❚ MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: The Painted Caves
of Ajanta 167 THE BIG PICTURE 235
❚ RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Hinduism and Hindu
Iconography 168
CHAPTER 10
❚ ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: Hindu Temples 172
THE ROMAN EMPIRE 237
THE BIG PICTURE 179
Republic 239
Pompeii and the Cities of Vesuvius 244
CHAPTER 7
Early Empire 254
CHINA AND KOREA TO 1279 181
High Empire 263
China 181
Late Empire 276
Korea 202
Contents v
IMPORTANT! Your essential study tools
SAVE THIS CARD! are just a click away.
STEP 1: SIGN IN
SShrink-wrapped to the back of your new copy of Gardner’s Art
tthrough the Ages, you’ll fi nd the ACCESS CODE to essential
rresources, including ArtStudy Online, the interactive website
tthat will help you save time and ace your exams. Follow the
eeasy “First-Time Registration” instructions on the card.
STEP 2: CHOOSE A CHAPTER
AND CLICK ON A RESOURCE
After selecting a chapter, simply click on a tool—
Bonus Images, Flashcards, Audio/Video Study Tools,
Quizzes, or any of the other resources listed in
the navigation bar.
HUNDREDS OF BONUS IMAGES
Icons in the margins of this book prompt you to click
on Bonus Images at the website. Each of the hundreds of
Bonus Images include a zoomable, high-resolution image
of the artwork along with the discussion.
Video Study Tools, Audio Chapter Summaries,
Image Flashcards, and more help you study
and learn.
❚ ART AND SOCIETY: An Outline of Roman History 239 CHAPTER 13
❚ ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: Roman Concrete Construction 241 THE ISLAMIC WORLD 341
❚ ART AND SOCIETY: Art for Former Slaves 243
Early Islamic Art 342
❚ WRITTEN SOURCES: An Eyewitness Account of the Eruption
Later Islamic Art 352
of Mount Vesuvius 245
❚ ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: The Roman House 247 ❚ RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Muhammad and Islam 343
❚ ART AND SOCIETY: Role Playing in Roman Portraiture 254 ❚ ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: The Mosque 345
❚ WRITTEN SOURCES: The Golden House of Nero 259 ❚ ARTISTS ON ART: Sinan the Great and the Mosque of
Selim II 354
❚ ART AND SOCIETY: Spectacles in the Colosseum 260
❚ MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Islamic Tilework 357
❚ WRITTEN SOURCES: Hadrian and Apollodorus of
Damascus 269 ❚ ART AND SOCIETY: Christian Patronage of Islamic Art 362
❚ MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Iaia of Cyzicus and the Art THE BIG PICTURE 363
of Encaustic Painting 275
THE BIG PICTURE 287
CHAPTER 14
NATIVE ARTS OF THE AMERICAS
CHAPTER 11
BEFORE 1300 365
LATE ANTIQUITY 289
Mesoamerica 366
Dura-Europos 289
Intermediate Area 379
The Catacombs and Funerary Art 291
South America 380
Architecture and Mosaics 295
North America 387
Luxury Arts 304
❚ ART AND SOCIETY: The Mesoamerican Ball Game 372
❚ RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Jewish Subjects in Christian ❚ MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Andean Weaving 382
Art 293
❚ ART AND SOCIETY: Serpent Mound 389
❚ RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: The Life of Jesus in Art 296
❚ MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Mosaics 303 THE BIG PICTURE 391
❚ MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Medieval Manuscript
Illumination 305 CHAPTER 15
❚ MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Ivory Carving 307
AFRICA BEFORE 1800 393
THE BIG PICTURE 309
Prehistory and Early Cultures 394
11th to 18th Centuries 399
CHAPTER 12
❚ ART AND SOCIETY: Dating African Art and Identifying African
BYZANTIUM 311 Artists 395
❚ ART AND SOCIETY: Art and Leadership in Africa 397
Early Byzantine Art 312
❚ ART AND SOCIETY: Idealized Naturalism at Ile-Ife 398
Middle Byzantine Art 327
THE BIG PICTURE 405
Late Byzantine Art 335
❚ ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: Pendentives and Squinches 315
CHAPTER 16
❚ ART AND SOCIETY: Theodora, a Most Unusual Empress 320
EARLY MEDIEVAL EUROPE 407
❚ WRITTEN SOURCES: The Emperors of New Rome 323
❚ ART AND SOCIETY: Icons and Iconoclasm 326 Art of the Warrior Lords 407
THE BIG PICTURE 339 Christian Art:Scandinavia,British Isles,Spain 410
Carolingian Art 415
vi Contents
Ottonian Art 422 CHAPTER 19
❚ ART AND SOCIETY: Medieval Books 411 ITALY, 1200 TO 1400 497
❚ RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: The Four Evangelists 412
The 13th Century 497
❚ ART AND SOCIETY: Charlemagne’s Renovatio Imperii
The 14th Century 502
Romani 416
❚ RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: Medieval Monasteries ❚ ART AND SOCIETY: Italian Artists’ Names 498
and Benedictine Rule 420 ❚ RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: The Great Schism, Mendicant
❚ ART AND SOCIETY: Theophanu, a Byzantine Princess Orders, and Confraternities 501
in Ottonian Germany 428 ❚ MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Fresco Painting 504
THE BIG PICTURE 429 ❚ WRITTEN SOURCES: Artists’ Guilds, Commissions,
and Contracts 506
CHAPTER 17 ❚ ART AND SOCIETY: Artistic Training in Renaissance Italy 510
ROMANESQUE EUROPE 431 THE BIG PICTURE 517
France and Northern Spain 433
CHAPTER 20
Holy Roman Empire 445
NORTHERN EUROPE,
Italy 450
1400 TO 1500 519
Normandy and England 453
Burgundy and Flanders 519
❚ ART AND SOCIETY: Pilgrimages and the Cult of Relics 432
France 532
❚ WRITTEN SOURCES: Timber Roofs and Stone Vaults 435
Holy Roman Empire 534
❚ WRITTEN SOURCES: Bernard of Clairvaux on Cloister
Sculpture 438 ❚ MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Tempera and Oil
❚ ARCHITECTURAL BASICS:The Romanesque Church Portal 439 Painting 523
❚ RELIGION AND MYTHOLOGY: The Crusades 442 ❚ MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Framed Paintings 526
❚ ART AND SOCIETY: Romanesque Countesses, Queens, ❚ ART AND SOCIETY: The Artist’s Profession in Flanders 528
and Nuns 448 ❚ MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Woodcuts, Engravings,
❚ MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Embroidery and Etchings 537
and Tapestry 456
THE BIG PICTURE 539
THE BIG PICTURE 459
CHAPTER 21
CHAPTER 18
ITALY, 1400 TO 1500 541
GOTHIC EUROPE 461
Florence 542
French Gothic 462
The Princely Courts 568
Gothic outside of France 486
❚ MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES: Renaissance Perspectival
❚ WRITTEN SOURCES: Abbot Suger and the Rebuilding Systems 547
of Saint-Denis 463 ❚ ARTISTS ON ART: Cennino Cennini on Imitation and
❚ ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: The Gothic Rib Vault 464 Emulation in Renaissance Art 553
❚ ART AND SOCIETY: Scholasticism and Gothic Art ❚ ART AND SOCIETY: Renaissance Family Chapel
and Architecture 466 Endowments 564
❚ ARCHITECTURAL BASICS: The Gothic Cathedral 469 ❚ ART AND SOCIETY: Italian Princely Courts and Artistic
Patronage 569
❚ MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES:Stained-Glass Windows 472
THE BIG PICTURE 577
❚ ART AND SOCIETY: Louis IX, the Saintly King 482
THE BIG PICTURE 495
Contents vii