Ganoderma and Health: Biology, Chemistry and Industry PDF
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Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1181 Zhibin Lin Baoxue Yang Editors Ganoderma and Health Biology, Chemistry and Industry Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology Volume 1181 Editorial Board IRUN R. COHEN, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel ABEL LAJTHA, N.S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA JOHN D. LAMBRIS, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA RODOLFO PAOLETTI, University of Milan, Milan, Italy NIMA REZAEI, Children’s Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/5584 Zhibin Lin • Baoxue Yang Editors Ganoderma and Health Biology, Chemistry and Industry Editors Zhibin Lin Baoxue Yang Department of Pharmacology Department of Pharmacology School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Peking University Beijing, China Beijing, China ISSN 0065-2598 ISSN 2214-8019 (electronic) Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ISBN 978-981-13-9866-7 ISBN 978-981-13-9867-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9867-4 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019 This work is subject to copyright. 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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Contents 1 Ganoderma (Lingzhi) in Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chinese Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Zhibin Lin 2 Classification, Biological Characteristics and Cultivations of Ganoderma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Zhuo Du, Cai-Hong Dong, Ke Wang, and Yi-Jian Yao 3 Chemical Components of Ganoderma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Ting Gong, Renyi Yan, Jie Kang, and Ruoyun Chen 4 Polysaccharide of Ganoderma and Its Bioactivities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Jingsong Zhang, Yanfang Liu, Qingjiu Tang, Shuai Zhou, Jie Feng, and Hongyu Chen 5 Quantitative Analysis of Components in Ganoderma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Ruoyun Chen and Jie Kang 6 Researches and Application of Ganoderma Spores Powder . . . . . . . . . 157 Jianhua Xu and Peng Li 7 Development and Innovation of Ganoderma Industry and Products in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Zhenhao Li, Jianlong Zhou, and Zhibin Lin v Contributors Hongyu Chen Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China Ruoyun Chen Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China Cai-Hong Dong State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Zhuo Du State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Jie Feng Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China Ting Gong Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China Jie Kang Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China Peng Li Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China Zhenhao Li Zhejiang Shouxiangu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Wuyi, Zhejiang, China College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China Zhibin Lin Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China vii viii Contributors Yanfang Liu Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China Qingjiu Tang Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China Ke Wang State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Jianhua Xu Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory, of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China Renyi Yan Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China Yi-Jian Yao State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Jingsong Zhang Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China Jianlong Zhou Zhejiang Shouxiangu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Wuyi, Zhejiang, China Shuai Zhou Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China Chapter 1 Ganoderma (Lingzhi) in Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chinese Culture Zhibin Lin Abstract Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing (Shennong Materia Medica) and many other books in early Chinese history began to study, discuss, and report the scientific aspects of Ganoderma (Lingzhi) in respect to its categorization, habitat, bionomics, herbal nature, medication, etc. At the same time, incorrect or unsubstantiated infor- mation continues to be weeded out and updated. Shennong Materia Medica have been frequently referred in literature and used for further research and applications. Present chapter reviews the history of modern research on Ganoderma (Lingzhi) since 1950s. Historically, Lingzhi has been viewed as a magic herb as well as an auspicious symbol by the Chinese. It is, therefore, also known as “Ruizhi,” “Shenzhi,” and “Xiancao,” with the meaning of good fortune and mysterious power. Taoism played an important role in promoting Lingzhi for either medical purposes or otherwise. Numerous myths and poems mentioning people’s love, worshipping, and beliefs on Lingzhi can be found in the Chinese literature since ancient times. Keywords Ganoderma · Lingzhi · History · Culture · Myths 1.1 Ganoderma (Lingzhi) in Traditional Chinese Medicine 1.1.1 Ganoderma (Lingzhi) Described in Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing Written in ca. 100 B.C., Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing (Shennong Materia Medica) was the earliest pharmaceutical book of Lingzhi. Shennong Materia Medica was the summation of the experiences gained by the ancient Chinese medical practitioners. The legend of the God of Agriculture, who tasted a hundred herbs and encountered Z. Lin (*) Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019 1 Z. Lin, B. Yang (eds.), Ganoderma and Health, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1181, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9867-4_1 2 Z. Lin Fig. 1.1 God of agriculture. A Liao Dynasty era painting on the wall of a wooden pagoda in Shanxi showing a barefooted man with a plump face and bared belly, covered himself with fur and leaves, shouldered a bamboo basket, held a Lingzhi, and walked on a rocky mountain. Scholars believe that the man in the picture was Shennong, the God of Agriculture. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. [2]) 70 poisonous ones in a day, gives the discovery process a vivid picture. Likewise, the medicinal information on Lingzhi shown in Shennong Materia Medica was obtained through practices (Fig. 1.1). The book’s real author is not known. Nonetheless, this monumental treatise listed 365 medicinal materials in categories according to their medicinal and toxic effects on human. The highest graded materi- als were those with medicinal efficacies without known toxicity. Lingzhi (including Cizhi, Qingzhi, Huangzhi, Baizhi, Heizhi, and Zizhi, which are red, blue, yellow, white, black, and purple, respectively) was among the highest graded materials, based on the categorization. According to the theory of Yin and Yang and the 5-Elements in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Shennong Materia Medica categorized Lingzhi accord- ing to their colors into Cizhi (or Danzhi), Heizhi (or Xuanzhi), Qingzhi (or Longzhi), Baizhi (or Yuzhi), and Huangzhi (or Jinzhi) as “Five Zhi,” as well as Zizhi (or Muzhi). Detailed descriptions on their medicinal nature, properties and flavors, and medication were included in the book, indicating that Cizhi was bitter in taste, mild in nature, and nontoxic and could be used for relieving chest congestion and improv-
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