Fungal Protoplast: A Biotechnological Tool PDF
Preview Fungal Protoplast: A Biotechnological Tool
Fungal Protoplast A Biotechnological Tool Fungal Protoplast A Biotechnological Tool D. Lalithakumari Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK CRC Press Taylor & Franeis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boea Raton, FL 33487-2742 First issued in hardback 2019 .1') 2000 by Taylor & Franeis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint ofTaylor & Franeis Group. an Informa business No claim to original UX Government works ISBN-13: 978-1-57808-093-9 (pbk) ISBN-13: 978-1-138-40775-6 (hbk) This book eontains information obtained trom authentie and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assurne responsibility for the validity of al1 materials or the consequences oftheir use. The authors and publishers have attempted to traee the copyright holders of al1 material reprodu eed in this publication and apologize to copyright holders ifpermission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Exeept as perrnitted under US. Copyright Law, no part ofthis book may be reprinted, reproduced, lransmilled, or uliliLed in any fonn by any e1eclronic, meehanical. or olher means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or m any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission ±fom the publishers. For pennission to photoeopy or use material eleetronically from this work. pie ase aceess www.copyrighLeom (http:// www.eopyrighLeom/) or eonlaet the Copyright Clearanee Cenler, Ine. (eCC). 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. 978-750-8400. eee is a not-tor-profit organization that provides lieenses and registration for a variety ofusers. For organizations that have been granted a photoeopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arrangcd. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only tor identitication and explanation without intem to intfinge. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lalithakumari, D. Fungal protoplast: a biotechnologie al toollD. Lalithakumari. p. cm. Includes bibliographieal references and index. ISBN 1-57808-093-2 I. Fungi-Biotechnology. 2. Fungal protoplasts. 1. Title. TP248.27.F86 L35 2000 660.6-dc21 00-037192 Visit the Tay10r & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Foreword The first experiments involving protoplasts date back to almost fifty years. Nevertheless its age, protoplasts remain modern and indispensable tools in current genetics. Whereas in the early days protoplasts were used solely for biochemical and biophysical investigations, in recent times protoplasts have become very important instruments in classical and molecular genetics. This change occurred about 25 years ago, when we showed that protoplasts can be fused. These experiments were designed to create new variants and species able to produce novel interesting metabolities. Since that first experiment, protoplast fusion has become a major approach in strain improvement programmes of industrially important fungal species such as antibiotic produ- cers, biocontrol agents and edible mushrooms. The technique of protoplast fusion is a means to combinatorial biosynthesis, now routinely in use for the biosynthesis of novel metabolities, not produced by the parent strains. A new impetus of the use of protoplasts came, when it was shown that protoplasts can be easily transformed and transfected by DNA, making them to indispensable in molecular genetics. Writing the present book Fungal Protoplasts was a brave and interesting initiative of Prof. Dr D. Lalithakumari. This book collects all the fungal protoplast work published so far, starting from the early days up to the most recent data. It contains a detailed collection of the results obtained during the long history of the fungal protoplast work that has been published for different species in the literature, from conditions and enzymes to prepare protoplasts, media for regeneration and conditions for fusion, from microscopic and physiological description to genetic analysis and novel biochemical properties of the obtained recombinants and hybrids. This overview is supplemented with a massive research work for the improvement of biocontrol agents carried out in her laboratory. This work provides not only an overview of the literature as such, but also practical conditions to carry out the work. vi Foreword Therefore, this book is without doubt of interest for all those who are interested in fungal protoplast fusion as a means to strain improvement. Prof. Dr Jozef Anne Rega Institute Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Belgium Preface This book has been written primarily as a guide for young scientists and students of molecular biology and biotechnology who have novel ideas for the improvement of animal, plant and microbial strains. A rigourous effort has been made to achieve this objective through thorough coverage and sufficient discussion to enable easy understanding of the subject. I have tried to include up-to-date literature on the active utilization of protoplasts in modern biology. This book, with extensive coverage of important information under one cover, therefore will be a ready reckoner for students and researchers in life sciences. The flood of new ideas and experiments in the modern recombinant DNA techniques and applications using protoplast highlight the importance of protoplasts as a biotechnological tool. Although protoplast fusion technology has immense possibilities in pure and applied genetics its application has been limited on account of limited information available on living protoplasts. The scattered literature on the subject has been carefully screened and included in this book for background information. This is the only book of this nature on fungal protoplasts. The subject matter has been presented under different chapters in this book. The isolation of purified and physiologically viable protoplasts with precise factors governing the release of protoplasts are described in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 deals with the importance and the art of regeneration and reversion of protoplasts to their parent culture. The conditions for intraspecific, interspecific and intergeneric protoplast fusion and subsequent selection of fusants (heterokaryons, diploid and recombinant strains) are described in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 explains the challenges of protoplast fusion in biotechnology for strain improvement, production of recombinants, super strains etc. A broad outline is given at the beginning of each chapter offering the readers an overview of the subject. I sincerely hope that I have succeeded in transmitting the excitement generated by our increasing awareness of the potential of fungal protoplasts as biotechnological tools. D. Lalithakumari Acknowledgements I am deeply indebted to Prof. J. Anne, Rega Institute, Catholic University, Leuven, Belgium who instantly responded to my request and made available all his review articles and several of his publications. Anne and Peberdy's contributions in the area of protoplasts research set the stage for other workers. I gratefully acknowledge the support received from Drs de Vries and Wessels, The Netherlands, who readily responded and sent their publications on protoplast research, especially with Schizophyllum commune. Dr G. J. Boland, Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph is duly acknowledged for his valuable help in providing his papers on protoplast regeneration in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. My past and present students have helped me in this endeavour in many ways and every brick for construction of this book is their valuable contribution. My first work on the isolation of protoplast of Pyricularia oryzae {Magnoporthe grísea) with Dr Saradha Kumari was followed by Dr P. Annamalai to whom I am deeply indebted. My thanks are due to Dr R. Revathi and Dr P. Vijayapalani who have contributed to most of the research work on protoplasts of Venturia inaequalis. Mrs S. Karpagam and Miss R. Kalpana have contributed to the morphological and chemical variations in the regenerated protoplast cultures Trichoderma sp. and Colletotrichum capsici. Mrs C. Mrinalini and Mr G. Chellappa have done outstanding research on the strain improvement of Trichoderma spp., the former, proving the potentiality of a superior antagonistic strain and the latter about a superior strain pro- ducing high cellulase and chitinase enzymes. Dr A. Elavarasan has developed a method to mutate protoplast in Rhizoctonia solani. His protoplast mutants produced fruiting bodies under chemical (iprodione) stress. My thanks to all of them not only for their research contributions but also for their whole hearted co-operation along with Mr R. Sridharan, Mr S. Chandrasekaran, Dr V. Kaviarasan, Mrs K. Subhashree, Miss S. P. Kamala Nalini and
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