Table Of Content

Fundamentals of Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Fundamentals of Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Kevin D. Dahm Rowan University Donald P. Visco Jr. University of Akron Australia Brazil Japan Korea Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United States Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Fundamentals Chemical Engineering © 2015 Cengage Learning Thermodynamics WCN: 02-200-203 Kevin D. Dahm Donald P. Visco, Jr. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright Publisher: Timothy Anderson herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not Senior Developmental Editor: limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, web Mona Zeftel distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval Senior Editorial Assistant: systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 Tanya Altieri United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of Senior Content Project Manager: the publisher. Kim Kusnerak Production Director: For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Sharon Smith Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706. Media Assistant: For permission to use material from this text or product, Ashley Kaupert submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions. Further permissions questions can be emailed to Rights Acquisition Director: [email protected]. Audrey Pettengill Rights Acquisition Specialist, Text and Library of Congress Control Number: 2013948648 Image: Amber Hosea ISBN-13: 978-1-111-58070-4 Text and Image Researcher: Kristiina Paul ISBN-10: 1-11-58070-7 Manufacturing Planner: Doug Wilke Cengage Learning Copyeditor: Fred Dahl 200 First Stamford Place, Suite 400 Proofreader: Patricia Daly Stamford, CT 06902 USA Indexer: Shelly Gerger-Knechtl Compositor: MPS Limited Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Senior Art Director: Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local office at: Michelle Kunkler international.cengage.com/region. Internal Designer: MPS Limited Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Cover Designer: Rose Alcorn Nelson Education Ltd. Cover Illustration: © Rob Schuster For your course and learning solutions, visit www.cengage.com/ engineering. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our pre- ferred online store www.cengagebrain.com. Unless otherwise noted, all items © Cengage Learning. Printed in the United States 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 18 17 16 15 14 13 Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. To Robin, my family, and all of my students and my colleagues at Rowan. Kevin D. Dahm To my past, present and future students as well as my family, especially Tracey, Mary, Matthew, and Lucy. Donald P. Visco, Jr. Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Preface “Thermodynamics is a funny subject. The first time you go through it, you don’t understand it at all. The second time you go through it, you think you understand it, except for one or two small points. The third time you go through it, you know you don’t understand it, but by that time you are so used to it, so it doesn’t bother you any more.” Arnold Sommerfeld Most likely, just about anyone who’s studied thermodynamics or taught it can relate to the above quote. Though we were undergraduate students a generation ago, we still remember how we, and many of our classmates, perceived the subject of Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics when we first en- countered it: complex and abstract, with tons of different equations and terms like “entropy” and “fugacity” that were often hard to connect to anything that seemed real (not to mention the symbols, with an array of carats, overbars, subscripts and superscripts). As teachers of the subject, we can’t shy away from its complexity—we have to tackle it head on. What we can do is frame the subject in ways that make it more accessible. The range of thermodynamics concepts and the long lists of equations may always seem intimidating at first, but they needn’t seem arbitrary. Our goal with this book is to provide a practical and relatable introduction for students who are encountering Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics for the first time. This is an important distinction, since several of the most popular books on the subject for this course have also been used at the graduate level as well. By contrast, this book is truly aimed at providing the “fundamentals” of chemical engineering thermodynamics for the undergraduate student. Once complete, the student will have the proper background for follow-on undergraduate courses that rely on a solid foundation in this field of study or for advanced courses in thermodynamics. In an effort to provide this solid foundation in chemical engineering thermodynamics, we have incorpo- rated several features into the book that are intended to make it more accessible to a wide variety of learners: Motivational Examples Each chapter begins with a “Motivational Example” that introduces the topic of the chapter and illustrates its importance. This is intended to benefit all learners, but particularly global learners who require big picture insights to connect information, and technical learners who require a practical application for everything. Worked Examples The book makes extensive use of examples in which the thought process behind the solution is explained, step-by-step, and the practical significance of the material is underscored. For some problems, an expanded version of the solution is available in the students’ electronic supplements. vii Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. viii Preface Detailed Derivations We have made a big effort not to skip steps in the derivation of key concepts and fundamental equations, instead taking an extra step or two such that the student (who is new to the field) can follow the approach. Margin Notes The book makes extensive use of margin notes. These are intended to serve as a “voice over the reader’s shoulder” guiding them through the book. Placing these notes in the margins avoids interrupting the flow of the main text. The notes include three recurring themes: Margin Notes: These should be interpreted as an aside to the reader, providing an interesting fact about the concept being presented or a quick digression on the scientist or engineer associated with the development of that concept. Margin Notes: Pitfall Prevention: This special type of margin note calls out to the reader where, from our experience, common errors (both conceptual and from a calculation standpoint) will normally occur. Margin Notes: Food for Thought: These are special points that the reader might consider in a deeper way related to the concept being presented. Some are sim- pler while others are more challenging. The student supplemental materials include feedback on the Food for Thought questions. Exercises and Problems Each chapter ends with problems suitable for homework, which are divided into “Exercises” and “Problems.” The Exercises are very focused and comparatively short, and the answers are included in the students’ supplemental materials. Each ex- ercise will test the student’s ability to apply one specific concept or perform one specific type of calculation, and the student can obtain immediate feedback on whether he/she did it correctly. The Problems are longer and require synthesis of more concepts. Solutions to problems are available to the instructor both electronically and in a printed solution manual. For many problems, the technology used to arrive at the solutions (such as an Excel sheet) is provided for the instructor. Organization Each chapter is organized to be helpful to students with a variety of learning styles. The introduction to each chapter includes a list of instructional objectives. Each chapter closes with a bulleted summary that includes definitions of key terms and highlights key concepts. The book uses both inductive and deductive reasoning. In some places, key equations and/or concepts are developed in the context of an example, and after the example there is a discussion of how the concept generalizes. In other places a more traditional deductive approach is used. The book comes with a number of additional resources for both students and instructors. Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.