Fundamental Perspectives on International Law

792 Pages·2010·9.019 MB·English

by  William R. Slomanson

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Fundamental Perspectives
on International Law
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Fundamental Perspectives
on International Law
Sixth Edition
WILLIAM R. SLOMANSON
Thomas Jefferson School of Law
San Diego, California
Pristina University
Visiting Professor
Pristina, Kosovo
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain
United Kingdom • United States
Fundamental Perspectives on © 2011 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
International Law, Sixth Edition
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Summary of Contents
TABLE OF CASES XII
CHAPTER SEVEN
TABLE OF TREATIES, RESOLUTIONS, AND
Treaties 351
MISCELLANEOUS INSTRUMENTS XIV
PREFACE XVII
CHAPTER EIGHT
CHAPTER ONE Arbitration and Adjudication 387
What Is International Law? 1
CHAPTER NINE
CHAPTER TWO Use of Force 461
States 45
CHAPTER TEN
CHAPTER THREE Human Rights 565
Organizations 123
CHAPTER ELEVEN
CHAPTER FOUR Environment 657
Individuals and Corporations 195
CHAPTER TWELVE
CHAPTER FIVE Economic Relations 699
Extraterritorial Jurisdiction 239
INDEX 753
CHAPTER SIX
Range of Sovereignty 285
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Contents
TABLE OF CASES XII A. Recognition by States 55
TABLE OF TREATIES, RESOLUTIONS, AND B. Recognition by Organizations 65
MISCELLANEOUS INSTRUMENTS XIV §2.4 Changes in State Status 66
PREFACE XVII A. Succession 66
B. Secession 68
C. Self-Determination 71
CHAPTER ONE §2.5 State Responsibility 73
What Is International Law? 1
A. International Accountability 73
B. Draft State Conduct Articles 74
Introduction 1
§2.6 Sovereign Immunity 75
A. Course Relevance 1
A. Absolute Immunity 77
B. Point of Entry 2
B. Restrictive Immunity 81
§1.1 Definition and Scope 3
§2.7 Diplomatic Relations 85
A. State-Driven History 4
A. Introduction 85
B. Non-State Actors Evolve 8
B. Diplomatic Establishment 86
C. International Law or Politics? 10
C. Core Diplomatic Functions 90
D. National-International Law Links 15
D. Sending or Host Territory? 94
E. Related Disciplines 19
E. Immunities and Abuse 98
§1.2 Sources of International Law 26
A. Introduction 26 PROBLEMS 107
B. Practical Applications 29 ENDNOTES 115
PROBLEMS 38
ENDNOTES 39 CHAPTER THREE
Organizations 123
Introduction 124
CHAPTER TWO
§3.1 Organization’s Legal Status 124
States 45
A. Introduction 124
Introduction 46
B. Capacity under International Law 126
§2.1 State’s Legal Status 46
C. Organizational Responsibility 131
A. “State” 46
§3.2 Organizational Classification 132
B. Elements of Statehood 48 A. Traditional Model 132
§2.2 Shifting Infrastructure 54 B. Functional Shift 136
§2.3 Recognition 55 §3.3 United Nations 138
VIII CONTENTS
A. Historical Backdrop 138 B. Categories of Injury 225
B. UN Entities 139 PROBLEMS 232
C. UN Assessment 153 ENDNOTES 235
§3.4 European Union 161
A. Evolution 162 CHAPTER FIVE
B. EU-UN Comparison 166 Extraterritorial Jurisdiction 239
§3.5 Other Organizations 167
Introduction 239
A. North Atlantic Treaty
§5.1 Definitional Setting 240
Organization 167
A. Sovereignty and Jurisdiction 240
B. Organization for Security and
Cooperation in Europe 171 B. Covert Applications 243
C. Commonwealth of Independent §5.2 Jurisdictional Principles 244
States 174 A. Introduction 244
D. Organization of American States 175 B. Territorial Principle 246
E. Arab League and Organization C. Nationality Principle 250
of the Islamic Conference 177
D. Passive Personality Principle 251
F. African Union 178
E. Protective Principle 251
§3.6 Organizational Immunity 180
F. Universal Principle 252
A. United Nations 181
G. Internet Applications 256
B. Other Organizations 183
§5.3 Extradition 260
PROBLEMS 184
A. Utility 260
ENDNOTES 188
B. Irregular Alternatives 263
C. Avoiding Extradition 268
§5.4 Judicial Assistance 276
CHAPTER FOUR
Individuals and Corporations 195 PROBLEMS 278
ENDNOTES 280
Introduction 195
§4.1 Individual’s Status 196
CHAPTER SIX
A. Historical Limitation 196
Range of Sovereignty 285
B. E volving International
Personality 199 Introduction 286
§4.2 Nationality, Statelessness, §6.1 Categories of Territory 286
and Refugees 202
A. Sovereign Territory 286
A. Nationality 202
B. Trust Territory 286
B. Statelessness 211
C. Terra Nullius 286
C. Refugees 213
D. Res Communis 288
§4.3 Corporate Nationality 218
§6.2 Dominion Over Land 289
A. Theoretical Underpinning 218
A. Historical Approach 290
B. Practical Application 219
B. Historical Approach Critics 299
§4.4 Injury to Aliens 223
C. New Territorial Acquisition
A. Codification Attempts 225 Modes 299
CONTENTS IX
§6.3 Law of the Sea 300 A. Arbitration History 394
A. Internal Waters 303 B. Adjudication History 395
B. Territorial Sea 305 §8.3 Arbitration: Modern Classification 397
C. High Seas 312 A. Arbitral Tribunal Chart 397
D. Contiguous Zone 317 B. Classification 397
§8.4 International Court of Justice 400
E. Exclusive Economic Zone 318
A. Charter Provisions 400
F. Continental Shelf 321
B. UN Trust Fund 402
G. Deep Seabed 322
C. ICJ Statute 402
H. Prognosis 325
§6.4 Airspace Zones 326 D. Chambers Option 410
A. Domestic Airspace 326 E. Advisory Jurisdiction 411
B. Airspace Abroad 333 F. ICJ Assessment 413
C. Outer Space 336 §8.5 International Criminal Courts 417
A. Early Prospects 417
PROBLEMS 342
B. Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals 419
ENDNOTES 345
C. Ad Hoc International Criminal
Tribunals 420
CHAPTER SEVEN
D. Permanent ICC 428
Treaties 351
§8.6 Regional Court Adjudication 435
Introduction 351 A. International Law in Regional
Courts 435
§7.1 Definition and Classification 352
B. Selected Regional Courts 438
A. Definitional Contours 352
§8.7 National Court Adjudication 446
B. Contemporary Classification 354
A. Jurisprudential Restrictions 447
§7.2 Formation, Performance, Cessation 358
B. Country Studies 448
A. Treaty Formation 358
PROBLEMS 450
B. Treaty Observance 366
ENDNOTES 452
§7.3 US Treaty Practice 373
A. Treaty versus Executive Agreement 373
B. Conflict Resolution 376 CHAPTER NINE
PROBLEMS 377 Use of Force 461
ENDNOTES 382
Introduction 462
§9.1 Defining “Force” 462
CHAPTER EIGHT A. What is Force? 462
Arbitration and Adjudication 387
B. Variables Affecting Legitimacy 466
Introduction 387 C. Selected Applications 468
§9.2 UN Principles on Force 477
§8.1 Alternative Dispute Resolution 388
A. Fundamental Regime 477
A. Introduction 388
B. UNSC Chapter VII Powers 478
B. Devices 388
§8.2 Arbitration and Adjudication: C. Charter Prohibits State Force 485
Evolution 393 D. Charter Self-Defense Provision 489