Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945

989 Pages·2001·11.51 MB·English

by  David M. Kennedy

Freedom from Fear
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The Oxford History of the United States
C. Vann Woodward, General Editor
Volume III
robert middlekauff
THE GLORIOUS CAUSE
The American Revolution, 1763–1789
Volume VI
james mcpherson
BATTLE CRY OF FREEDOM
The Civil War Era
Volume IX
david m. kennedy
FREEDOM FROM FEAR
The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945
Volume X
james t. patterson
GRAND EXPECTATIONS
The United States, 1945–1974
FREEDOM FROM
FEAR
The American People in
Depression and War,
1929–1945
DAVID M. KENNEDY
New York Oxford
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
Oxford UniversityPress
Oxford NewYork
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Copyright(cid:1) 1999 by David M. Kennedy
FirstpublishedbyOxfordUniversityPress,Inc.,1999
198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NewYork10016
FirstissuedasanOxfordUniversityPresspaperback,2001
OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,
storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,
electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise,
withoutthepriorpermissionofOxfordUniversityPress.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Kennedy,DavidM.
Freedomfromfear:theAmericanpeopleindepressionandwar,1929–1945
/DavidM.Kennedy.
p. cm.—(TheOxfordhistoryoftheUnitedStates:v.9)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN0–19–503834–7(Cloth)
ISBN0–19–514403–1(Pbk.)
1.UnitedStates—History—1929–1933.
2.UnitedStates—History—1933–1945.
I.Title. II.Series.
E173.094 vol.9 [E801] 973s—dc21 [973.91] 98-49580
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
onacid-freepaper
This book is for Ben, Bess, and Tom
qui laetificant vitam meam.
Contents
Maps ix
Acknowledgments xi
Editor’s Introduction xiii
Abbreviated Titles Used in Citations xvii
Prologue: November 11, 1918 1
1. The American People on the Eve of the Great Depression 10
2. Panic 43
3. The Ordeal of Herbert Hoover 70
4. Interregnum 104
5. The Hundred Days 131
6. The Ordeal of the American People 160
7. Chasing the Phantom of Recovery 190
8. The Rumble of Discontent 218
9. A Season for Reform 249
10. Strike! 288
vii
viii contents
11. The Ordeal of Franklin Roosevelt 323
12. What the New Deal Did 363
13. The Gathering Storm 381
14. The Agony of Neutrality 426
15. To the Brink 465
16. War in the Pacific 516
17. Unready Ally, Uneasy Alliance 565
18. The War of Machines 615
19. The Struggle for a Second Front 669
20. The Battle for Northwest Europe 709
21. The Cauldron of the Home Front 746
22. Endgame 798
Epilogue: The World the War Made 852
Bibliographical Essay 859
Index 877
Illustrations appear following pages 332 and 652.
Maps
The Undeclared Naval War in the Atlantic, 1941 489
Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941 521
The Southwest Pacific, 1941–1942 528
Midway, June 4, 1942 540
Guadalcanal and the Solomons, 1942–1945 550
The Battle of the Atlantic, December 1941–July 1942 567
The Battle of the Atlantic, August 1942–May 1943 567
North Africa, November 1942–May 1943 582
The Sicilian Campaign, July 10–August 17, 1943 593
The Italian Campaign, 1943–1945 597
The Air War in Europe, 1942–1943: Major U.S. Attacks 607
The China-Burma-India Theater, 1942–1945 672
D-Day and the Battle for Northwest Europe, 1944 719
The Battle of the Bulge, Dec. 1944–Jan. 1945 740
The Southwest and Central Pacific Campaigns, 1943–1945 815
The Battle of Leyte Gulf, Oct. 23–25, 1944, and the
Philippine Campaign 823
Iwo Jima, Feb.–March, 1945 830
Okinawa, April 1–June 22, 1945 831
The Final Assault on Japan, 1945 846
World War II: European Theater 872
World War II: Pacific Theater 874
ix