Foundations of Biomedical Ultrasound

840 Pages·2007·38.404 MB·English

by  Richard Cobbold

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Foundations of
Biomedical
Ultrasound
Richard S. C. Cobbold
University of Toronto
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OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
2007
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OXJFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Cobbold, Richard S. C„ 1931-
Foundations of biomedical ultrasound / Richard S. C. Cobbold.
p. ; cm. — (Biomedical engineering series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13 978-0-19-516831-0
ISBN 0-19-516831-3
I. Ultrasonic imaging. I. Title.
II. Series: Biomedical engineering series (Oxford University Press)
[DNLM: 1. Ultrasonography. 2. Ultrasonics. WN 208 C654f 2006]
QM25.C63 2006
616.07'543—dc22 2005024193
987654321
Printed in the United States of America
on acid-free paper
Preface
In an effort to develop a means for detecting the presence of enemy sub¬
marines during the First World War, the famous French physicist Paul
Langevin designed a 150 kHz source for generating intense ultrasound beams.
As noted in 1917, he observed that small fish were killed when entering the
beam and that intense pain was caused when a hand was placed in its path.
Although the generation and detection of ultrasound had been pursued in the
previous century, this aspect of Langevin’s work is often regarded to be the
inception of modern ultrasound and its biological applications.
Ultrasound is a sub-discipline of acoustics, whose mathematical and
physical foundations were developed in the 18th and 19th centuries. An impor¬
tant part of this sub-discipline is the more recent interdisciplinary area of
biomedical ultrasonics, which involves mechanics, electrical engineering,
physics, biology, and medicine. Specifically, it is concerned with the application
of ultrasound techniques for biological and medical purposes, particularly
for diagnostic and therapeutic use. Some students beginning to study and
research this field find it difficult to determine the most appropriate path
for obtaining a good grasp of the fundamentals along with applications and
recent developments. A primary purpose of this book is to provide a study
path by building on the mathematical foundation that graduate students in
physics and engineering should have gained in their undergraduate years.
Moreover, it should serve as a useful resource-base for those in industry
or academia that are actively engaged in ultrasound research and system
development. Much of this base is recorded in a variety of publications, but
vi Preface
little has been assembled in a form suited for its use in formal or informal edu¬
cation programs.
This book developed from a graduate course in ultrasound that the author
has given for more than 20 years. It evolved initially from extensive course
notes and reprints from the literature but in more recent years from compact
disk versions provided to students. It should be well suited for a univer¬
sity course, as well as for concentrated training programs in industry and
hospitals.
The book consists of 10 chapters that bridge the spectrum from the funda¬
mental properties of wave propagation through to the clinical systems. The
first four chapters describe linear and nonlinear propagation and methods for
calculating the field produced by transducers of various designs. A number of
problems designed to test the reader’s understanding, and which are well
suited for formal class assignments, accompany these chapters. The topics of
ultrasound scattering and transducer design are addressed in Chapters 5 and
6. The final four chapters address methods of imaging and flow measurement.
Some 350 drawings, graphs, sketches, and color images have been used. These,
together with many tables, have been used to illustrate the various topics
covered, a substantial portion of which appears for the first time in published
form.
I am particularly indebted to many graduate students and research associ¬
ates whom I have had the privilege of supervising. From them I have learnt
more than they will ever realize. The master’s and doctoral students include
Marty Hager, Bruno Maruzzo, Larry Korba, Mike Kassam, Oliver Fastag, Jim
Arenson, Jerry Arenson, Peter Arato, Rick Appugliese, Benny Lau, Peter
Zuech, Donald MacHattie, John Grant, Carl Walker, Kent Poots, Claude
Royer, Jim Mehi, Larry Mo, Joe Facca, Weimin Chen, Clement Fung, William
Gibson, Peter Bascom, Peter Vaitkus, Ramez Shehada, Theofanis Maniatis,
Nirav Shah, Yi Dai, Andrew Hill, David Surat, Yen Lu, Dominic Calla, Brian
Lim, Pinar Crombie, Kwok Lam, Roger Zemp, Adam Weathermon, Aaron
Steinman, Howard Ginsberg, Elaine Lui, Alfred Yu, Renee Warriner, and
Roozbeh Arshadi. Postdoctoral fellows and research associates were a vital
part of our research team, and these include Helen Routh, Tadashi Tamura,
Yu Fi Law, Jahan Tavakkoli, Jerry Myers, Alex Karpelson, and Nikolai
Sushilov. In addition, I wish to thank Peter Veltink, Jan Koers, Bernt Roelfs,
and Renee Aarnink, all of whom made significant contributions. They were
students from the Netherlands who joined our group to do their final-year
thesis research. I should also like to mention the special help that Larry Mo
provided through his continuing collaboration with our research group. His
insights into the practical and physical aspects of ultrasound pulsed wave flow
estimation systems has been particularly helpful in improving the final chapter.
My introduction to ultrasound and its clinical use was in 1973 through the
initiatives of an academic and clinical-based colleague, Wayne Johnston. Our
collaborative research has now extended to over 30 years, and I am particu¬
larly grateful for his encouragement in this major project. Moreover, the
research grants that we have jointly held from the Medical Research Council