Foliar damage by adults of spring weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) on Quercus species from Mediterranean oak forests in the Iberian Peninsula

2019·1.5 MB·

by  Patricia Gallardo

©EntomologicaFennica.7March2017
Foliar damage by adults of spring weevils (Coleoptera:
Curculionoidea) on Quercus species from Mediterranean
oak forests in the Iberian Peninsula
PatriciaGallardo&AnaM.Cárdenas*
Gallardo,P.&Cárdenas,A.M.2017:Foliardamagebyadultsofspringweevils
(Coleoptera:Curculionoidea) on Quercus species fromMediterranean oak fo-
restsintheIberianPeninsula.—Entomol.Fennica28:1–8.
Thispaperdescribesthefeedingdamagebyadultsofspringleaf-eatingweevils
(Coleoptera:Curculionoidea)colonizingthecanopiesinMediterraneanoakfo-
restsinsouthernIberianPeninsula.Theweevils,capturedbythebeatingtree-top
method,belongedtoninespeciesofCurculionoidea.Todescribetheirrespective
damage,feedingstudieswereperformedbysupplyingleavesofQuercusilexand
Q.suberasfood.Toeachbeetle,onehardenedleafandonesproutofeachoak-
plantspeciesweresuppliedforknowingdifferencesinfeedingdamagerelatedto
ageofleaves.Theessaywasperformedwitheightreplicatesforeachweevilspe-
cies.Threeoftheninespeciescaughtdidnotfeedandeventuallydiedduringthe
experiment.Theobservationsindicatethatthemostofthespeciescanconsume
indifferently leavesofQ.ilexandQ.suberandthathole-feedingandskeleto-
nisingwerethemostcommondamage.
P.Gallardo,DepartmentofZoology,CampusRabanales,E-14071,Universityof
Córdoba,Spain.Phone:[phone];E-mail:[email protected]
A.M.Cárdenas,DepartmentofZoology,CampusRabanales,E-14071,Univer-
sityofCórdoba,Spain;*Correspondingauthor’se-mail:[email protected]
Received28April2016,accepted6September2016
1.Introduction
foodselectionismadeaccordingtoplantspecies,
leafageoritspositiononthetree,watercontent,
SeveralQuercusspeciesconstitutethepredomi- type of nutrients, concentration of secondary
nant vegetation in large areas of Andalusia compounds and degree of hardening (in sclero-
(southern Iberian Peninsula), theholmoaks (Q. phyllous species) (Gullan & Crauston 2005).
ilexsubsp.ballotaL.),thecorkoaks(Q.suberL.) These insects play an important role in food
and the gall oaks (Q. faginea Lam.) being the chains(Dajoz2001)andalsoactasregulatorsof
mostrepresentative.Aswithanytypeofvegeta- primaryproductioninforests,helpingtostabilize
tion,ahighnumberofinsectherbivoresareasso- ecosystemsovertimeby lesseningvariationsin
ciatedwithQuercusspecies(Romanyk&Cada- primary productivity (Mattson & Addy 1975).
hia1992)ascarpophages,folivoresorxylopha- Conversely, under certain conditions, several
ges(Johnson&Lyon1976,Foahom2002).Leaf- species can becomeimportant worldwideforest
eating insects preferentially attack the leaves of pests, some of which attack species of Quercus
vigoroustreesinsteadofindividualsinaphysio- (Rexrode1971).
logical state of impairment (Dajoz 2001) and As the most common insects feeding on
2 Gallardo&Cárdenas (cid:127) ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.28
Fig.1.Loca-
tionofthere-
searcharea.
QuercusleavesareLepidoptera,therearemany neanmixed-sclerophyllousforests.Themostrep-
studies focusing on the characterization and as- resentative plant species are Q. ilex subsp.
sessment of the damage due to carterpillars ballota, Q. suber, Q. faginea, Pistacialentiscus
(Mooreetal.1991,Extremeraetal.2004,South- L., Asparagus albus L., Erica australis L. and
wood et al. 2004, Glavendeki(cid:1) & Medarevi(cid:1) different species of Cistus (C. ladanifer L., C.
2010). However, approximately 2/3 ofthe indi- crispusL.,C.monspeliensisL.,C.salviifoliusL.
viduals of the insect fauna collected on oak fo- andC.albidusL.)intheshrub(Pinilla2006).De-
restsareColeoptera(Arahou2008)andmanyof tailedinformationaboutclimate,soilandlithol-
themcanalsosignificantlydamageoaks(Chakali ogy of the area is available in Gallardo et al.
et al. 2002, Martínez-Gonzalvo et al. 2006). In (2010).
spiteofthis,mostoftheresearchrelatedtothese To collect spring leaf-chewing insects, a
beetle herbivores are restricted to the study of weekly sampling was done in 2008, since mid-
their spatial-temporal patterns (Arahou et al. March to late June (Table 1), just after the
1992, Southwood et al. 2004, Stejskal 2004) Quercus species sprout in the southern Iberian
withoutidentifyingthetypeofdamageorassoci- Peninsula.Thebeatingtree-topmethodwasused
atingthemtotherespectiveplantspecies.Recog- (Bassetetal.1997,Extremeraetal.2004,Torres-
nitionofthenatureoffeedingdamageisimpor- Vila et al. 2008). Beating was performed two
tant information for the identification of causal times, on three positions equidistant around the
agents(Maclauchlanetal.2009)andinmaking entiretopofeachtreeineachsamplingday.The
accuratediagnosesoftheimpactoftheherbivore same haphazardly selected 59 trees (35 holm
damage. oaks,19corkoaksand5galloaks)weresampled
Thisstudyisapartofaresearchprojectde- throughouttheentiresamplingperiod(Table1).
votedtoassesstheincidenceofharmfulinsectsin Overall,thesampleishomogeneousinsizeand
Quercus forests surrounding the Sierra de constituted by middle-aged trees, ranging be-
Hornachuelos Natural Park, in southern Iberian tween65and100years,andwithadensityof~45
Peninsula.Itaimstodescribethedamagebyfeed- trees/ha(Cárdenas&Gallardo2012).Thediffer-
ingofadultsofspringweevilslinkedtotheoaks ence in the number of sampled trees of the tree
inthearea. species is because of their different respective
abundances in the field. Once collected in the
2.Materialsandmethods field,theinsectswereplacedintoplasticcontain-
ers(diameter20cm,height15cm),perforatedfor
SamplingwasperformedinHornachuelosNatu- aeration and provided with some vegetal debris
ral Park (southern Iberian Peninsula) (Fig. 1), forbestaccommodationofthebeetles.Inthelab-
wherethelandscapeisdominatedbyMediterra- oratory,theweevilswerereferenced,taxonomi-
ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.28 (cid:127) FoliardamagebyweevilsinQuercusforests 3
Table1.Samplingdate(year2008)andnumbersof ond,youngandsoft,developingleaves(sprouts)
sampledtrees(Q.ilex,Q.suberandQ.faginea). of Q. ilex subsp. ballota; third, well-developed
leavesofQ. suber;and, fourth, youngandsoft,
Samplingdate Q.ilex Q.suber Q.faginea
developingleaves(sprouts)ofQ.suber.Later,a
completerepetitionofthesefourstepswasmade
20/03 4 4 1
toobtainthe8replicates.Inordertomakeade-
07/04 5 0 0
16/04 4 1 0 tailed description of the damages, photographic
24/04 3 2 0 monitoringwasperformedthroughouttheentire
30/04 3 1 0 observationtime,andtheleafremainswereex-
05/05 3 1 0
amined with a LEICA GZ 6 microscope (15 ×
16/05 2 2 1
15.6magnifications).
20/05 3 1 0
29/05 1 1 2
04/06 2 2 0 3.Results
12/06 2 2 0
28/06 3 2 1
The sampling provided 263 adult specimens of
Coleoptera in two families, Curculionoidea
Total 35 19 5
Latreille, 1802 and Chrysomelidae Latreille,
1802. Most of them (94.68%, 249 specimens)
callyidentified,andindividuallyplacedintoper- wereweevilsandtherest(5.32%,14specimens)
forated plastic cylinders (diameter 4 cm, height were leaf beetles. The weevils belonged to the
2.5cm)atoutdoorconditions. nine species, which are displayed in Table 2.
Foreachcollectedbeetle,oneold(hardened) Mostspecimenswerecollectedonholmoaks(Q.
leafandonesproutofQ.ilexsubsp.ballotaorQ. ilexsubsp.ballota)andcorkoaks(Q.suber)and,
suber were supplied as food. Forty-eight hours exceptionally, on Q. faginea (Brachyderes sp.
later, the leaves were removed and replaced. In andCurculionucum).
order to describe the damage, we performed 8 The most common species in the area were
replicatesforeachweevilspecies,changingeach Polydrusussetifrons,CoeliodesruberandP.pi-
48hourthefoodsourcebysupplying:first,well- losulusand,toalesserextent,Curculionucum.A
developed leaves of Q. ilex subsp. ballota; sec- factworthmentioningisthatapproximately80%
Table2.Numberofweevilspecimens(Curculionoidea)collectedfromeachQuercusspecies(Q.ilexsubsp.
ballota,Q.suberandQ.faginea),totalnumber(N)andtimeperiod(year2008)duringwhicheachspecieswas
observedinfield.
Q.i. Q.s. Q.f. N Timeperiod
FamilyAttelabidae
SubfamilyAttelabinae
Attelabus(Attelabus)nitens(Scopoli) 8 3 0 11 30/04–16/05
FamilyCurculionidae
SubfamilyCeutorhynchinae
Coeliodesruber(Marsham) 60 6 0 66 16/04–29/05
SubfamilyEntiminae
Polydrusus(Chaerodrys)setifronsJacquelinduVal 64 24 0 88 07/04–29/05
Polydrusus(Neoeustolus)pilosulusChevrolat 18 6 0 24 07/04–29/05
Brachyderes(Brachyderes)incanus(Linnaeus) 8 0 0 8 30/04
Brachyderessp.Schoenherr 11 0 3 14 16–29/05
SubfamilyCurculioninae
Curculio(Curculio)nucumLinnaeus 0 17 4 21 16–29/05
Orchestes(Orchestes)pilosus(Fabricius) 0 9 0 9 29/05
FamilyApionidae
SubfamilyApioninae
Apionsp.Herbst 0 8 0 8 20/05
4 Gallardo&Cárdenas (cid:127) ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.28
Fig.2.Damagecaused
bythreecurculionoid
speciesonleavesof
Q.suberandQ.ilex.
–a.Attelabusnitens.
–b.Coeliodesruber.
–c.Polydrusus
setifrons.
ofthespecimensofC.nucumwereobtainedfrom boring small holes of approximately 5.5 mm in
Q. suber, the rest fromQ. faginea, and none of diameter.Thisdamagecorrespondstothe“win-
themwerefoundonQ.ilexsubsp.ballota.Like- dowfeeding”typebecausetheholesarejustlo-
wise, Orchestes pilosus and Apion sp. were ex- cated on the upper leaf surface. The insect eats
clusivelycapturedfromQ.subereventhoughQ. partofthissurface,withoutcompletelyperforat-
ilexisthemostabundantQuercusspeciesinthe ing the leaf, leaving intact the lower epidermis
area. andalargepartofthetrichomasliningit.Thein-
Regardingtheperiodofactivityobservedin juriesofA.nitensareusuallylocatedontheedge
thefieldduringthesamplingphase,therecordsof oftheleaf.Duringthefeedingessay,thisbeetle
thespecieswereconcentratedontheintervalof consumedleavesofbothspeciesofQuercussup-
April–May(Table2).Concerningthefeaturesof plied(Fig.2a).
damagecausedbythefeedingactivityofadultsof
theweevilscollectedinthecurrentstudy,nodata Coeliodesruber
are available for C. nucum or Apion sp., which Thisspeciesfeedsovertheentiresurfaceofthe
diedinthecourseofthefeedingessay. Thede- leaf,leavingsmallinjuriessuchaspecks,avoid-
scriptionsofthefeedingdamageoftherestofthe ing the upper epidermis and the venation. This
speciesaregiveninthenextparagraphs. damage is something similar to the “window
feeding” type. Although the single injuries are
Attelabus(Attelabus)nitens small,theyarewidelyspreadontheleafsurface.
Adultsdevouraconsiderablepartoftheleaves, ThesebeetleseatbothQ.ilexssp.ballotaandQ.
ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.28 (cid:127) FoliardamagebyweevilsinQuercusforests 5
Fig.3.Damagecaused
bythreecurculionoid
speciesonleavesof
twoQuercusspecies.
–a.Polydrususpilo-
sulusonQ.suberand
Q.ilex.–b.Brachyde-
resincanusonQ.
suber.–c.Orchestes
pilosusonQ.suber.
suber;nevertheless,damagetoQ.suberismore Brachyderesincanus
obvious,becausethebitesseemtobemoreelon- Individuals of this species create large notches
gated,asshowninFig.2b. alongtheedgeoftheleafandchewfromtheout-
side towards the midvein of the leaf (Fig. 3b).
Polydrusus(Chaerodrys)setifrons TheseinsectscanbefoundonbothQ.ilexsubsp.
TheinsectconsumesQ.ilexsubsp.ballotaandQ. ballotaandQ.suber,althoughinthisstudy,they
suber,feedingontheedgeoftheleaf,andcausing exclusivelyatetheleavesofQ.suber.
characteristicinjuriesthataffectmostofthemar- Other specimens belonging to the Brachy-
gin.Itdevourstheparenchyma,leavingthelower deresgenusthatcouldnotbeidentifiedtospecies
epidermisintact.However,thedamagemanifests levelwerealsostudiedtoobservethedamagethat
as“holes”whenyoungleavesofQ.suberwere theyproduce.Similardamagetothosethathave
suppliedasfood(Fig.2c).Occasionally,thedam- been described for B. incanus were observed.
ageaffectstheinterioroftheleaf. These insects consumed only the leaves of Q.
suber.
Polydrusus(Neoeustolus)pilosulus
P.pilosulusfeedsontheleavesofbothspeciesof Orchestes(Orchestes)pilosus
Quercusbysawingtheedges.AstheleavesofQ. Thisweevilspeciesperformselongatedandscat-
suber are softer than that Q.ilex subsp. ballota, tered injuries throughout the entire leaf surface
theinjuriesontheformeraremorenoticeableand (Fig.3c).Thedamagecorrespondstothewindow
affectalargerpartofthefoliarsurface(Fig.3a). feedingtypebecausetheinjurieswereobserved
6 Gallardo&Cárdenas (cid:127) ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.28
only in the upper epidermis. Orchestes pilosus zalvo et al. (2006) in cork oaks of Valencia
was captured on Q. suber as well as on Q. ilex (southeastern Spain). This marked seasonality
subsp.ballota,butinourfeedingstudy,itonlyfed wasmentionedbySouthwoodetal.(2004),who
ontheleavesoftheformer. indicated, based on the hardness of the leaves,
Regarding the typification of damage, Lan- thatthereisasequentialsuccessionofleaf-eating
francoetal.(2001)establishedtwotypesofdam- insects.ThechewinginsectspeakedinMay,fol-
ageagents:leafchewers(typeI:consumestheen- lowed by sucking species, leaf miners and gall
tireleafandtypeII:feedsjustontheleafmargin) formers.Infact,thelatestspeciesrecordedinour
andleafskeletonizers.Accordingtothesecrite- fieldobservationswasO.pilosus,aleaf-miner,as
ria,threeweevilspeciesofthepresentstudyare will be commented below. The climatic condi-
leafchewers,whichmayconsumetheleafalmost tionsinthesouthoftheIberianPeninsulaproba-
completely (typeI:B.incanusandBrachyderes blyexplainthedrasticdisappearanceofthewee-
sp.)ormayattackonlytheleafedges(typeII:P. vilsattheendofMay.Theactivityoftheadultsof
pilosulus).ThespeciesA.nitens,C.ruber,O.pi- thesefolivorousinsectscoincideswiththeperiod
losusandP.setifronsareskeletonizers,morespe- ofincreasedleafproduction.Thus,themaximum
cifically, they cause damage attributed to “win- consumption of adult weevils occurs on the
dowfeeding”.Thistypeofdamage,or“screen- young leaves. From a temporal perspective,
ing”,isgenerallylocatedattheleafedge.How- Glavendeki(cid:1)andMedarevi(cid:1)(2010)includewee-
ever,O.pilosusandC.ruberinjuretheentireleaf vilsinthegroupcalledearly-seasondefoliators,
surface. The most extensive injuries were ob- which are species that overwinter in the egg or
servedinnewlysproutedleavesofQ.suber. pupastagesandwhoseactivityisrelatedtoearly
spring.
Themostcommonspeciesinourstudy area
4.Discussion
areP.setifrons,C.ruberandP.pilosulusand,toa
lesserextent,C.nucum.Afactworthmentioning
Our study area belongs to a peculiar agrosilvo- isthatapproximately80%ofthespecimensofC.
pastoralenvironment,named“dehesa”whichis nucumwereobtainedfromQ.suber,therestfrom
knownforitsentomologicaldiversity(Ramírez- Q. faginea, and none of them were on Q. ilex
Hernándezetal.2014).Itisatransformationof subsp.ballota.Likewise,Apionsp.andO.pilo-
the original Mediterranean habitat. However, sus were captured exclusively on Q. suber. For
springweevilsseemtobescarcethere.Accord- the latter weevil species, our field observations
ingly, our samplesremainedmodestintermsof andresultsofthefeedingessaysareconsistentin
abundance and diversity, but nevertheless our that O. pilosus exclusively fed on leaves of Q.
dataareinaccordancewiththedataprovidedby suber.Nevertheless,someliterature(Ellis2015)
Ugarte (2005) and Martínez-Gonzalvo et al. indicatesthatthisspeciesisamoregeneralistleaf
(2006)forotherareasintheIberianPeninsulaand miner,whoselarvaefeedonQ.ilex,Q.petraea,
Europe(Southwoodetal.2004,Stejskal2004). Q.pubescensorQ.robur,theegg-layingtaking
Theseresultsarefurtherevidenceofthespecific- placeintheundersideofaveinwhereascaristhe
ity of these beetles to certain plant species originoftheminewherethelarvafeedsandalso
(Southwoodetal. 2004). Thisismostprobably thepupationoccurs(Scherf1964).
relatedtothecomplexityoftheirlifecyclesand Regarding the type of damage, the detailed
thatcouldexplainthefewnumberofweevilspe- observationoftheleafsurfaceaftereatingofthe
ciesfeedingonoaks.However,atthelowestlati- differentweevilspeciesstudiedshowedthatap-
tudes the communities of folivorous insects are proximatelyhalfoftheweevilspeciescauseinju-
morediverse,withmorethan50weevilspecies riescorrespondingto“freeandholefeeding”(ac-
recorded in oak forests from the Middle Atlas cordingtoLanfrancoetal.2001).Dependingon
(Marocco;Arahou2008). thecharacteristicsoftheleaf,itmaybeconsumed
The adults of the species of this study are almost completely (Type 1: B. incanus and
phenologicallyrestrictedtotheperiodofAprilto Brachyderes sp.) or may be attacked only close
May,coincidingwiththedataofMartínezGon- nexttotheleafedge(Type2:P.pilosulus).The
ENTOMOL.FENNICAVol.28 (cid:127) FoliardamagebyweevilsinQuercusforests 7
severity of the attack, as the proportion of leaf trying to discern among the injuries caused by
areaaffected,seemstoberelatedtothehardness each oneofthesegroup ofinsects (weevils and
oftheleaf.Thisisbecausewhenthespeciescon- moths).ThemostabundantLepidopteraspecies
sumematureleavesofQ.suberandQ.ilex,the of our study area (Dryobotodes eremita Fabri-
damageismoresevereinQ.suber(moretender cius, D. monochroma Esper, Catocala nympha-
leaves)orinsproutsasinthecaseofA.nitens,C. goga Esper and Tortrix viridana Linnaeus;
ruberorP.setifrons.Inaddition,thespeciesthat Extremeraetal.2004)areconsideredtruedefoli-
behaved as monophagous (i.e. B. incanus and ators,i.e.,theyattacktheleavesjustontheedge.
Brachyderes sp.) only consumed Q. suber. The Thistypeofdamageagreeswiththemandibular
weevilspeciesA.nitens,C.ruber,O.pilosusand morphologyofthelarvaeoftheseinsects(biting-
P.setifronscausedamageofthe“skeletonising” chewingmouthparts;Krenn2010),whileweevils
type, more specifically, damage attributed to have mouthparts at the end of a distinct snout
“windowfeeding”.Thistypeofdamageisgener- which is used for boring holes on leaf tissues
allylocatedcloseoftheleafedge;however,when (”skeletonising”damage;Taraetal.2010,Moon
injuriesarecausedby O.pilosus,theentireleaf etal.2011).
surfaceisaffected.A.nitensbelongstothegroup
ofweevilscommonlycalled“leaf-rollingweevil” Acknowledgements.WethankMr.LaurentSchottforhis
becausethefemalesdepositeachegginleaftis- contributioninspeciesidentificationandourcolleagues
Mr.JuanM.HidalgoandMs.LourdesMoyanofortheas-
sue, which roll into a sturdy tube, and usually
sistanceinfield.ThisworkwassupportedbyAguasdelas
chewthroughtheprincipalveinoftheleaf,after
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whichitwithers(Legalov2007).Thisbehaviour culture, Food and Environment, Government of Spain)
wasnotobservedinouressay.Boththeappear- andbyIngenieríayGestióndelSur,S.L.(GrupoIG-IPA).
anceandtheextentofdamagevariedaccordingto
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