Flowering Plants · Eudicots: Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales, Fabales p.p., Geraniales, Gunnerales, Myrtales p.p., Proteales, Saxifragales, Vitales, Zygophyllales, Clusiaceae Alliance, Passifloraceae Alliance, Dilleniaceae, Huaceae, Picramniac

519 Pages·2007·29.02 MB·English

by  K. Kubitzki (auth.)

THEFAMILIES
ANDGENERA
OFVASCULARPLANTS
EditedbyK.Kubitzki
Volumespublishedinthisseries
VolumeI PteridophytesandGymnosperms
EditedbyK.U.KramerandP.S.Green(1990)
Dateofpublication:28.9.1990
VolumeII FloweringPlants.Dicotyledons.Magnoliid,Hamamelid
andCaryophyllidFamilies
EditedbyK.Kubitzki,J.G.Rohwer,andV.Bittrich(1993)
Dateofpublication:28.7.1993
VolumeIII FloweringPlants.Monocotyledons:Lilianae(exceptOrchidaceae)
EditedbyK.Kubitzki(1998)
Dateofpublication:27.8.1998
VolumeIV FloweringPlants.Monocotyledons:AlismatanaeandCommelinanae
(exceptGramineae)
EditedbyK.Kubitzki(1998)
Dateofpublication:27.8.1998
VolumeV FloweringPlants.Dicotyledons:Malvales,CapparalesandNon-betalain
Caryophyllales
EditedbyK.KubitzkiandC.Bayer(2003)
Dateofpublication:12.9.2002
VolumeVI FloweringPlants.Dicotyledons:Celastrales,Oxalidales,Rosales,Cornales,
Ericales
EditedbyK.Kubitzki(2004)
Dateofpublication:21.1.2004
VolumeVII FloweringPlants.Dicotyledons:Lamiales(exceptAcanthaceaeincluding
Avicenniaceae)
EditedbyJ.W.Kadereit(2004)
Dateofpublication:13.4.2004
VolumeVIII FloweringPlants.Eudicots:Asterales
EditedbyJ.W.KadereitandC.Jeffrey(2007)
VolumeIX FloweringPlants.Eudicots:Berberidopsidales,Buxales,Crossosomatales,
Fabalesp.p.,Geraniales,Gunnerales,Myrtalesp.p.,Proteales,Saxifragales,
Vitales,Zygophyllales,ClusiaceaeAlliance,PassifloraceaeAlliance,
Dilleniaceae,Huaceae,Picramniaceae,Sabiaceae
EditedbyK.Kubitzki(2007)
The Families
and Genera
of Vascular Plants
EditedbyK.Kubitzki
IX ·
Flowering Plants Eudicots
Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales,
Fabales p.p., Geraniales, Gunnerales, Myrtales p.p.,
Proteales, Saxifragales, Vitales, Zygophyllales,
Clusiaceae Alliance, Passifloraceae Alliance,
Dilleniaceae, Huaceae, Picramniaceae, Sabiaceae
Volume Editor:
K. Kubitzki
inCollaborationwithC.BayerandP.F.Stevens
With174Figures
123
ProfessorDr.KlausKubitzki
UniversitätHamburg
BiozentrumKlein-FlottbekundBotanischerGarten
Ohnhorststraße18
22609Hamburg
Germany
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2006928744
ISBN-10 3-540-32214-0 SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork
ISBN-13 978-3-540-32214-6 SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork
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Preface
Thepresentvolumecontainstreatmentsofvariouseudicotorderswhichallarestrongly
supported in molecular analyses. A first group comprises Proteales, Buxales and the
enigmaticSabiaceaewhich,togetherwithRanunculalesandTrochodendrales,treated
earlierinVol.IIofthisseries,representthebasalgradeofearly-divergingeudicots.Al-
thoughallofthemhaveclearlytri-oratepollen,makingthemeudicots,theyotherwise
lackthestricteudicotfloralorganisation,particularlywithregardtoflowermerosity,
phyllotaxis and perianth structure. The same is true for the order Gunnerales which,
however,accordingtofindingsofmolecularsystematics,formspartofthestronglysup-
portedcoreeudicots.Alltheseorderstosomeextentbridgethemorphologicalgapbe-
tweenbasalangiospermsandtypicalcoreeudicots.Plesiomorphicfloraltraits,although
lesspronounced,arealsofoundamongtheisolatedbutclearlycoreeudicotyledonous
Saxifragales,treatedinthisvolume,andparticularlyintheearly-divergingwoodyfam-
iliesofthisorder.SomeoftheselatterfamilieswereincludedinVol.II,whichfollowed
aclassificationusedpriortothediscoveryofthemodernconceptofSaxifragales.The
exact interrelationships among the early-diverging eudicot orders still remain largely
unresolved.Thisisevenmoretrueformanyofthecoreeudicotordersincludedinthe
presentvolume,i.e.Vitales,Crossosomatales,Geraniales,ZygophyllalesandMyrtales,
andalsofortwoofthefamiliesnotassignedtoorder,i.e.HuaceaeandPicramniaceae.
ApossiblerelationshipbetweenDilleniaceaeand woodyCaryophyllales,as suggested
byrecentstudies,opensaninterestingnewperspectiveontheevolutionofthisfamily.
IncludedinthisvolumearetwosubcladesofthevastMalpighiales.ThesearePassi-
floraceaewithtwosatellitefamilies,andClusiaceae/HypericaceaewithPodostemaceae,
whichrecentlyhavebeenidentifiedasverycloserelatives.
Mydeepthanksgotoallauthorsofthisvolume,whohaveprovidedsuchhighlyin-
terestingandscholarlycontributions,andtoallthosewhohavefreelysharedadditional
informationand/orhavecommentedonearlierdraftsofthecontributions.Theseinclude
B.G.Briggs,T.Clifford,G.Jordan,B.Makinson,P.Olde,R.Barker,J.A.Doyle,P.J.Rudall
and C.A. Furness (Proteaceae); H. Manitz (Aphanopetalaceae); A.E. Orchard (Halor-
agaceae);P.H.LinderandM.Weigend(Geraniales);A.BernhardandW.J.J.O.deWilde
(Passifloraceae);thelateM.RicardiS.(Malesherbiaceae);I.Jäger-ZürnandT.Philbrick
(Podostemaceae); and S. Renner, P.G. Wilson and J. Schönenberger (Myrtales). I am
alsogratefultoM.L.MatthewsandP.K.Endressforshowingmetheirpaperspriorto
publicationelsewhere.MarkC.Chaseisthankedforalwaysmakingavailablethenewest
resultsofhispathbreakingstudies.Thecopyrightholdersoftheillustrationsincluded
inthisvolumearethankedfortheirgenerouspermissiontousetheirvaluablematerial.
As always, it is a pleasure to acknowledge the agreeable collaboration with the staff
ofSpringer-Verlag,whokindlyrespondedtoallrequestsIhadinconnectionwiththe
production of this volume, and to thank Monique T. Delafontaine for her meticulous
copyeditingofthemanuscript.
Hamburg,September2006 K.Kubitzki
Contents
IntroductiontotheGroups
TreatedinthisVolume K.Kubitzki ................................. 1
IntroductiontoBerberidopsidales ................................. 1
IntroductiontoBuxales .......................................... 2
IntroductiontotheClusiaceaeAlliance(Malpighiales) ................. 3
IntroductiontoCrossosomatales ................................... 3
IntroductiontoFabales ........................................... 5
IntroductiontoGeraniales ........................................ 5
IntroductiontoGunnerales ....................................... 7
IntroductiontoMyrtales ......................................... 7
IntroductiontothePassifloraceaeAlliance
=
(“Passiflorales” Malpighiales) .................................... 12
IntroductiontoProteales ......................................... 12
IntroductiontoSaxifragales ....................................... 15
IntroductiontoVitales ........................................... 18
IntroductiontoZygophyllales ..................................... 19
FamiliesUnassignedtoOrder ..................................... 20
GeneralReferences ............................................ 21
Aextoxicaceae K.Kubitzki ................................. 23
Alzateaceae S.A.Graham ................................ 26
Aphanopetalaceae K.Kubitzki ................................. 29
Aphloiaceae K.Kubitzki ................................. 31
Berberidopsidaceae K.Kubitzki ................................. 33
Bonnetiaceae A.L.Weitzman,K.KubitzkiandP.F.Stevens ..... 36
Buxaceae E.Köhler ................................... 40
Clusiaceae-Guttiferae P.F.Stevens ................................. 48
Combretaceae C.A.Stace .................................. 67
Crassulaceae J.ThiedeandU.Eggli ........................ 83
Crossosomataceae V.Sosa ..................................... 119
Crypteroniaceae S.S.Renner ................................. 123
Daphniphyllaceae K.Kubitzki ................................. 127
VIII Contents
Didymelaceae E.Köhler ................................... 129
Dilleniaceae J.W.Horn ................................... 132
Geissolomataceae F.Forest .................................... 155
Geraniaceae F.AlbersandJ.J.A.VanderWalt .............. 157
Grossulariaceae M.Weigend ................................. 168
Gunneraceae H.P.WilkinsonandL.Wanntorp .............. 177
Haloragaceae K.Kubitzki ................................. 184
Huaceae C.Bayer .................................... 191
Hypericaceae P.F.Stevens ................................. 194
Iteaceae K.Kubitzki ................................. 202
Ixerbaceae J.V.Schneider ............................... 205
Krameriaceae B.B.Simpson ................................ 208
Ledocarpaceae M.Weigend ................................. 213
Leeaceae J.Wen ...................................... 221
Lythraceae S.A.Graham ................................ 226
Malesherbiaceae K.Kubitzki ................................. 247
Melianthaceae H.P.Linder ................................. 250
Oliniaceae M.vonBalthazarandJ.Schönenberger ...... 260
Paeoniaceae M.Tamura .................................. 265
Passifloraceae C.FeuilletandJ.M.MacDougal .............. 270
Penaeaceae J.Schönenberger,E.ContiandF.Rutschmann . 282
Penthoraceae J.Thiede .................................... 292
Peridiscaceae C.Bayer .................................... 297
Picramniaceae K.Kubitzki ................................. 301
Podostemaceae C.D.K.CookandR.Rutishauser ............... 304
Polygalaceae B.EriksenandC.Persson .................... 345
Proteaceae P.H.Weston ................................. 364
Pterostemonaceae K.Kubitzki ................................. 405
Quillajaceae K.Kubitzki ................................. 407
Rhynchocalycaceae J.Schönenberger ........................... 409
Sabiaceae K.Kubitzki ................................. 413
Saxifragaceae D.E.Soltis .................................. 418
Stachyuraceae J.V.Schneider ............................... 436
Staphyleaceae S.L.Simmons ................................ 440
Strasburgeriaceae W.C.Dickison ............................... 446
Contents IX
Surianaceae J.V.Schneider ............................... 449
Tetracarpaeaceae K.Kubitzki ................................. 456
Turneraceae M.M.Arbo .................................. 458
Vitaceae J.Wen ...................................... 467
Vochysiaceae M.L.Kawasaki ............................... 480
Zygophyllaceae M.C.Sheahan ............................... 488
AdditionsandCorrectionstoVolumesII–VI .............................. 501
IndextoScientificNames .............................................. 503
ListofContributors
Albers,Focke BotanischerGarten,UniversitätMünster,Schlossgarten3,
48149Münster,Germany
Arbo,MaríaM. InstitutodeBotánicadelNordeste,CasilladeCorreo209,
3400Corrientes,Rep.Argentina
Balthazar,Maria Swedish Museum of Natural History, Division of
von Palaeobotany,P.O.Box50007,10405Stockholm,Sweden
Bayer,Clemens PalmengartenderStadtFrankfurt,Siesmayerstr.61,
60323Frankfurt/Main,Germany
Conti,Elena InstitutfürSystematischeBotanikundBotanischerGarten,
Universität Zürich, Zollikerstr. 107, 8008 Zürich,
Switzerland
Cook,Christopher InstitutfürSystematischeBotanikundBotanischerGarten,
D.K. Universität Zürich, Zollikerstr. 107, 8008 Zürich,
Switzerland
Dickison,W.C. (deceased)
Eggli,Urs Sukkulenten-Sammlung, Mythenquai88,8002Zürich,
Switzerland
Eriksen,Bente DepartmentofBotany,UniversityofGöteborg,
P.O.Box461,40530Göteborg,Sweden
Feuillet,Christian DepartmentofBotany,SmithsonianInstitution,
P.O.Box37012,Washington,DC20013-7012,USA
Forest,FelixL. SchoolofBiologicalSciences,PlantSciencesLaboratories,
TheUniversityofReading,ReadingRG66AS,UK
Graham,ShirleyA. MissouriBotanicalGarden,
P.O.Box299,St.Louis,MO63166-0299,USA
Horn,JamesW. DepartmentofBiology,DukeUniversity,P.O.Box90338,
Durham,NC27708-0338,USA.
Presentaddress:
FairchildTropicalBotanicGarden,11935OldCutlerRoad,
Miami,FL33156-4242,USA
Kawasaki,M.Lúcia DepartmentofBotany,FieldMuseum,
1400S.LakeShoreDrive,Chicago,IL60605-2496,USA
Köhler,Egon SpezielleBotanikundArboretum,Humboldt-Universität,
Späthstr.80/81,12437Berlin,Germany
Kubitzki,Klaus Biozentrum Klein-Flottbek und Botanischer Garten,
UniversitätHamburg,22609Hamburg,Germany
XII ListofContributors
Linder,H.Peter InstitutfürSystematischeBotanikundBotanischerGarten,
Universität Zürich, Zollikerstr. 107, 8008 Zürich,
Switzerland
MacDougal,JohnM. MissouriBotanicalGarden,
P.O.Box299,St.Louis,MO63166-0299,USA
Persson,Claes DepartmentofBotany,UniversityofGöteborg,
P.O.Box461,40530Göteborg,Sweden
Renner,SusanneS. BotanischeStaatssammlung,MenzingerStr.67,
80638München,Germany
Rutishauser,Rolf InstitutfürSystematischeBotanikundBotanischerGarten,
Universität Zürich, Zollikerstr. 107, 8008 Zürich,
Switzerland
Rutschmann,Frank InstitutfürSystematischeBotanikundBotanischerGarten,
Universität Zürich, Zollikerstr. 107, 8008 Zürich,
Switzerland
Schneider,JulioV. SpezielleBotanik,UniversitätLeipzig,Johannisallee21–23,
04103Leipzig,Germany
Schönenberger,Jürg DepartmentofBotany,UniversityofStockholm,
LillaFrescativägen5,10691Stockholm,Sweden
Sheahan,MaryC. JodrellLaboratory,RoyalBotanicGardensKew,
RichmondSRYTW93DS,UK
Simmons,SaraL. DepartmentofIntegrativeBiology,UniversityofTexas,
Austin,TX78712,USA
Simpson,BerylB. UniversityofTexas,SectionofIntegrativeBiology,
1UniversityStationA6700,Austin,TX78712,USA
Soltis,DouglasE. DepartmentofBotany,UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,
FL32611-7800,USA
Sosa,Victoria InstitutodeEcología,A.C.,ApartadoPostal63,
91000Xalapa,Veracruz,México
Stace,CliveA. DepartmentofBotany,UniversityofLeicester,
UniversityRoad,LeicesterLE17RH,UK
Stevens,PeterF. MissouriBotanicalGarden,
P.O.Box299,St.Louis,MO63166-0299,USA
Tamura,Michio 4-25-7Ao-gein,Mino,Osaka562-0025,Japan
Thiede,Joachim SchenefelderHolt3,22589Hamburg,Germany
VanderWalt,J.J.A. (deceased)
Wanntorp,Livia DepartmentofBotany,UniversityofStockholm,
LillaFrescativägen5,10691Stockholm,Sweden
Weigend, InstitutfürBiologie/SystematischeBotanik,
Maximilian FreieUniversitätBerlin,Altensteinstr.6,14195Berlin,
Germany
Weitzman,AnnaL. DepartmentofBotany,SmithsonianInstitution,
P.O.Box37012,Washington,DC20013-7012,USA