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Flood Control and Drainage Engineering, Fourth Edition PDF

424 Pages·2014·8.552 MB·English
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About the Author a F n l o The author, presently retired, served as professor and head of the Civil Engineering d o Department at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur. He also served D d the Calcutta Port Trust as Chief Hydraulic Engineer on deputation from IIT. r C Professor Ghosh is a member of several learned societies and recipient of the a Commonwealth Scholarship for Post Doctoral Research at Imperial College, i o n London, UK n a g t r e About the Book o E l Primarily written as course material on flood control and drainage engineering for n advanced students of civil engineering, this new fourth edition is again thoroughly g revised. It accommodates recent developments in remote sensing, information i n technology and GIS technology. New added material deals with flood management e due to Tsunami waves, flooding due to dam failure and breaking of embankments, e Flood Control r application of dredging technologies, problems of flood forecasting, flood plain i n prioritization and flood hazard zoning, and engineering measures for flood control. g Drainage improvement is tackled, with particular regard to salinity and coastal and aquifer management from the ingress of sea water. The book includes design problem-solving and case studies, making it practical and applications-oriented. The subject matter will be of considerable interest to civil engineers, agricultural engineers, architects and town planners, as well as other government and non- Fourth Drainage Engineering government organizations. Edition Fourth Edition G h o s h ISBN 978-1-138-02627-8 S.N. Ghosh FLOOD CONTROL AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk Flood Control and Drainage Engineering Fourth Edition S.N. Ghosh Formerly, Professor Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur India CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an inform a business © 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from the publisher. Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the information herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any damage to the property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein. Published by: CRC Press/Balkema P.O.Box 11320, 2301 EH, Leiden, The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected] www.crcpress.com - www.taylorandfrancis.com ISBN: 978-1-138-02627-8 Preface to the Fourth Edition This fourth edition of the book has been thoroughly revised and upgraded to include two new chapters Flood Damage Management Due to Tsunamis and Storm Surges and Flooding Due to Collapse of Dams. The latter also covers flooding due to breaching of flood levees and flooding in urban and coastal areas. The other notable features include the incorporation of a number of worked out practical design and analysis problems, including several case studies. In the preparation of this edition I have drawn on publications of the Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, published by the Indian Society of Hydraulics Pune, Internet websites of National Hurricane Center, NOAA, USA, Wikipedia, and other journals which have been duly acknowledged both in the text as well as in the illustrations. To all these organizations and authors, I express my sincere gratitude. I would like to acknowledge help rendered by my wife Smt. Dyuti Ghosh, son Archishman Ghosh, daughter in law Soumya Ghosh in the preparation of manuscript. In revising the book my primary objective was to present to the students community and professional various aspects of flooding and the methodology on how to tackle them purely from engineering point of view without going into the extremely complex nature of the physics of the phenomena. I will appreciate receiving constructive suggestions and criticism to help me to improve the quality and usefulness of the book. As mentioned in the first edition of the book, my work is dedicated to the memory of my mother Sm Golaprani Ghosh who left us more than thirty years ago and I wish to reiterate the dedication. S.N. Ghosh Kolkata, November, 2013 TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk Preface to the First Edition Floods mean many things to many people depending on the profession they are engaged in. To the poorer village people who are caught in the swirling mudladen waters it represents terror and unlimited suffering. To the urban people it means suffering in indirect ways because of disruptions of communication due to breaching of embankments, roads, railways, culverts and other essential supplies. To the government floods mean additional expenditure for rescue, relief, rehabilitation measures and damages to national properties including losses of crops, domesticated animals and human lives. It also means sanctioning of flood protection measures to reduce the flood damage and promote general welfare of the people. To the planning commission and other planning bodies it calls for a need to provide rules and regulations whereby land prone to floods can be identified for proper utilisation and to insurance people it represents a challenge of how to underwrite flood damages. In general to all the citizens of a flood affected country it represents a natural phenomena of which millions of rupees are spent annually for providing protection against floods. To the civil engineers who are responsible for designing flood protection measures, it means how to build up a design flood based on the knowledge of hydrology of the catchment area. Thereafter, he is required to plan engineering structures, such as storage reservoirs, its schedule of operations, so that the flood cannot cause serious damage downstream. Further as the flood wave passes through a stream it is necessary to know how the stage varies with respect to time and distance for the design of river engineering works as well as for issuance of flood warning by the civil authorities. Another consequence of floods is the problem of drainage and water logging of low lying lands particularly of deltaic origin, where the drainage is affected due to tidal fluctuations in the river. In recent years there has been considerable development in the hydraulic design of engineering structures needed for flood control, particularly in the field of hydrology, reservoir planning and operation, river engineering and tidal hydraulics. To the student community such new knowledge should be available in simplified manner in the form of a suitable book. There exists other books particularly under irrigation engineering devoting one or two chapters on viii Preface to the First Edition flood control. In this book an attempt has been made to provide a broad coverage of the whole subject matter including recent developments as an integrated whole. It is hoped that this will provide a clear overview of the whole engineering aspect of flood control and associated land drainage problem. The book is designed primarily as a textbook for both undergraduate and postgraduate students and it can as well be adopted as a reference book for practising engineers. The book is organised in ten chapters. First three chapters deal with basic information needed for the design of flood control structures; chapter IV and V deal with spillway design and planning and operation of reservoirs; chapter VI deals with river engineering and design principles of flood protection measures; chapter VII deals with flood forecasting and warming; chapter VIII deals with cost benefit analysis of flood control project and finally chapter IX and X deal with drainage of flood affected areas. In the preparation of the manuscript the author has referred to lectures and notes delivered by eminent hydraulic engineers in seminars, international courses, various journals published by American Society of Civil Engineers, Institution of Civil Engineers (Lond.), publications of the Indian Standards Institution, Central Board of Irrigation and Power, various National and International seminars and symposiums, publication of various state Irrigation Departments such as West Bengal, Orissa, Karnataka etc. and other source materials including those furnished under references and bibliography. To them the author acknowledges his indebtedness and gratitude. The author is deeply conscious of his serious limitations in writing a book of this nature and complexity and it is likely that there will occur lapses here and there inspite of best efforts taken. The author will deeply appreciate constructive criticism and suggestions from teachers, students and professional engineers which will help to improve further the subject matter in future. Finally the author expresses his sincere thanks and gratitude to his wife, to the members of the Editorial Board of Oxford-IIT series. This humble work is dedicated to the memory of my beloved mother Sm. Golap Rani Ghosh who had been the greatest source of inspiration of all of my work and who left us suddenly for her heavenly abode in April 26th, 1983. S.N. GHOSH IIT, Kharagpur March, 1986. Contents Preface to the Fourth Edition v Preface to the First Edition vii 1. FLOOD PROBLEMS 1–6 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Causes of flooding and economic losses 2 1.3 Flood management measures 3 1.4 Flood control strategies 4 1.5 Alleviation of flooding 5 2. ESTIMATION OF DESIGN FLOOD 7–78 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Methods of design flood computations 8 2.2.1 Observation of highest flood 8 2.2.2 Empirical flood formulae 9 2.2.3 Flood frequency study 13 2.2.4 Derivation from storm studies and application of unit hydrograph principle 17 3. FLOOD ROUTING THROUGH RESERVOIRS AND CHANNELS 79–156 3.1 Flood routing through reservoirs—General 79 3.2 Basic Principles of routing 79 3.2.1 Pul’s method or inflow-storage-discharge method 80 3.2.2 Cheng’s graphical method 83 3.2.3 Working value method 84 3.2.4 Other methods 85 3.2.5 Electronic analogue 86 3.2.6 Mechanical flood router 87

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