Flood Control and Drainage Engineering, Fourth Edition

424 Pages·2014·8.552 MB·English

by  S.N. Ghosh

About the Author a F
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The author, presently retired, served as professor and head of the Civil Engineering d
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Department at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur. He also served
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the Calcutta Port Trust as Chief Hydraulic Engineer on deputation from IIT.

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Professor Ghosh is a member of several learned societies and recipient of the a
Commonwealth Scholarship for Post Doctoral Research at Imperial College, i o
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London, UK n
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About the Book o

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Primarily written as course material on flood control and drainage engineering for
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advanced students of civil engineering, this new fourth edition is again thoroughly g
revised. It accommodates recent developments in remote sensing, information i
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technology and GIS technology. New added material deals with flood management e
due to Tsunami waves, flooding due to dam failure and breaking of embankments, e Flood Control
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application of dredging technologies, problems of flood forecasting, flood plain
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prioritization and flood hazard zoning, and engineering measures for flood control.
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Drainage improvement is tackled, with particular regard to salinity and coastal
and
aquifer management from the ingress of sea water. The book includes design
problem-solving and case studies, making it practical and applications-oriented.
The subject matter will be of considerable interest to civil engineers, agricultural
engineers, architects and town planners, as well as other government and non-
Fourth Drainage Engineering
government organizations.
Edition
Fourth Edition
G
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o
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ISBN 978-1-138-02627-8
S.N. Ghosh
FLOOD CONTROL AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
Flood Control and
Drainage Engineering
Fourth Edition
S.N. Ghosh
Formerly, Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
India
CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an inform a business
© 2014 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK
All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may
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and/or the information contained herein.
Published by: CRC Press/Balkema
P.O.Box 11320, 2301 EH, Leiden, The Netherlands
e-mail: [email protected]
www.crcpress.com - www.taylorandfrancis.com
ISBN: 978-1-138-02627-8
Preface to the Fourth Edition
This fourth edition of the book has been thoroughly revised and upgraded to include two
new chapters Flood Damage Management Due to Tsunamis and Storm Surges and Flooding
Due to Collapse of Dams. The latter also covers flooding due to breaching of flood levees and
flooding in urban and coastal areas. The other notable features include the incorporation of a
number of worked out practical design and analysis problems, including several case studies.
In the preparation of this edition I have drawn on publications of the Journal of Hydraulic
Engineering, published by the Indian Society of Hydraulics Pune, Internet websites of
National Hurricane Center, NOAA, USA, Wikipedia, and other journals which have been duly
acknowledged both in the text as well as in the illustrations. To all these organizations and
authors, I express my sincere gratitude.
I would like to acknowledge help rendered by my wife Smt. Dyuti Ghosh, son Archishman
Ghosh, daughter in law Soumya Ghosh in the preparation of manuscript.
In revising the book my primary objective was to present to the students community and
professional various aspects of flooding and the methodology on how to tackle them purely
from engineering point of view without going into the extremely complex nature of the physics
of the phenomena. I will appreciate receiving constructive suggestions and criticism to help me
to improve the quality and usefulness of the book.
As mentioned in the first edition of the book, my work is dedicated to the memory of my
mother Sm Golaprani Ghosh who left us more than thirty years ago and I wish to reiterate
the dedication.
S.N. Ghosh
Kolkata,
November, 2013
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
Preface to the First Edition
Floods mean many things to many people depending on the profession they are engaged in.
To the poorer village people who are caught in the swirling mudladen waters it represents
terror and unlimited suffering. To the urban people it means suffering in indirect ways because
of disruptions of communication due to breaching of embankments, roads, railways, culverts
and other essential supplies. To the government floods mean additional expenditure for rescue,
relief, rehabilitation measures and damages to national properties including losses of crops,
domesticated animals and human lives. It also means sanctioning of flood protection measures to
reduce the flood damage and promote general welfare of the people. To the planning commission
and other planning bodies it calls for a need to provide rules and regulations whereby land
prone to floods can be identified for proper utilisation and to insurance people it represents a
challenge of how to underwrite flood damages. In general to all the citizens of a flood affected
country it represents a natural phenomena of which millions of rupees are spent annually for
providing protection against floods.
To the civil engineers who are responsible for designing flood protection measures, it means
how to build up a design flood based on the knowledge of hydrology of the catchment area.
Thereafter, he is required to plan engineering structures, such as storage reservoirs, its schedule
of operations, so that the flood cannot cause serious damage downstream. Further as the flood
wave passes through a stream it is necessary to know how the stage varies with respect to time
and distance for the design of river engineering works as well as for issuance of flood warning
by the civil authorities. Another consequence of floods is the problem of drainage and water
logging of low lying lands particularly of deltaic origin, where the drainage is affected due to
tidal fluctuations in the river.
In recent years there has been considerable development in the hydraulic design of
engineering structures needed for flood control, particularly in the field of hydrology, reservoir
planning and operation, river engineering and tidal hydraulics. To the student community such
new knowledge should be available in simplified manner in the form of a suitable book. There
exists other books particularly under irrigation engineering devoting one or two chapters on
viii
Preface to the First Edition
flood control. In this book an attempt has been made to provide a broad coverage of the whole
subject matter including recent developments as an integrated whole. It is hoped that this will
provide a clear overview of the whole engineering aspect of flood control and associated land
drainage problem.
The book is designed primarily as a textbook for both undergraduate and postgraduate
students and it can as well be adopted as a reference book for practising engineers. The book
is organised in ten chapters. First three chapters deal with basic information needed for the
design of flood control structures; chapter IV and V deal with spillway design and planning
and operation of reservoirs; chapter VI deals with river engineering and design principles of
flood protection measures; chapter VII deals with flood forecasting and warming; chapter VIII
deals with cost benefit analysis of flood control project and finally chapter IX and X deal with
drainage of flood affected areas.
In the preparation of the manuscript the author has referred to lectures and notes delivered
by eminent hydraulic engineers in seminars, international courses, various journals published
by American Society of Civil Engineers, Institution of Civil Engineers (Lond.), publications of
the Indian Standards Institution, Central Board of Irrigation and Power, various National and
International seminars and symposiums, publication of various state Irrigation Departments such
as West Bengal, Orissa, Karnataka etc. and other source materials including those furnished
under references and bibliography. To them the author acknowledges his indebtedness and
gratitude.
The author is deeply conscious of his serious limitations in writing a book of this nature
and complexity and it is likely that there will occur lapses here and there inspite of best efforts
taken. The author will deeply appreciate constructive criticism and suggestions from teachers,
students and professional engineers which will help to improve further the subject matter in
future. Finally the author expresses his sincere thanks and gratitude to his wife, to the members
of the Editorial Board of Oxford-IIT series. This humble work is dedicated to the memory of
my beloved mother Sm. Golap Rani Ghosh who had been the greatest source of inspiration of
all of my work and who left us suddenly for her heavenly abode in April 26th, 1983.
S.N. GHOSH
IIT, Kharagpur
March, 1986.
Contents
Preface to the Fourth Edition v
Preface to the First Edition vii
1. FLOOD PROBLEMS 1–6
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Causes of flooding and economic losses 2
1.3 Flood management measures 3
1.4 Flood control strategies 4
1.5 Alleviation of flooding 5
2. ESTIMATION OF DESIGN FLOOD 7–78
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Methods of design flood computations 8
2.2.1 Observation of highest flood 8
2.2.2 Empirical flood formulae 9
2.2.3 Flood frequency study 13
2.2.4 Derivation from storm studies and application of unit
hydrograph principle 17

3. FLOOD ROUTING THROUGH RESERVOIRS AND CHANNELS 79–156
3.1 Flood routing through reservoirs—General 79
3.2 Basic Principles of routing 79
3.2.1 Pul’s method or inflow-storage-discharge method 80
3.2.2 Cheng’s graphical method 83
3.2.3 Working value method 84
3.2.4 Other methods 85
3.2.5 Electronic analogue 86
3.2.6 Mechanical flood router 87