First inventory of the introduced and invasive mollusks in Mexico

2017·11.7 MB·English

THE NAUTILUS 131 (2):107-126, 2017 Page 107
First inventory of the introduced and invasive mollusks in Mexico
Edna Naranjo-Garcfa Zoila G. Castillo-Rodriguez
Instituto de Biologfa Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia
Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Depto. de Biodiversidad y Ecologfa Acuatica
Apartado Postal 70-153 Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico
Mexico City, C.P. 04510, MEXICO Apartado Postal 70-153
[email protected] Mexico City, C.P. 04510, MEXICO
zgcr@cm arl. u nam. mx
ABSTRACT organisms are poorly understood; however, we face loss
of diversity (Reyna et ah, 2013) of formerly diverse
Early historical records are included in this first national in¬
ecosystems (Cowie, 1998, 2001; Cowie and Robinson,
ventory of species of mollusks introduced, whether intentionally
2003; Lopez-Lopez et ah, 2009). It may be possible that
or not, into Mexico hv humans. Of the 56 exotic-invasive mol¬
endemic species are the most vulnerable, although un¬
lusks listed, 15 inhabit brackish and marine environments, 10
fortunately, knowledge of the diversity and abundance of
freshwater, and 31 are terrestrials. Thirty-six per cent of the
introduced species come from Europe and the Mediterranean, much of the world’s fauna remains unsatisfactory. In
18% from Asia-Australia-New Zealand, 46 % are cryptogenic, M exieo, where it is estimated that 75 % of brackish and
coming from different regions of the planet, and the origin of marine species are known, it is suggested that 17 % of the
several others is uncertain. The best-represented families are Pacific species, and 15% of those in the Gulf of Mexico
Mvtilidae, Teredinidae (brackish and marine), Ampullariidae, and the Caribbean Mexican coast are endemic (Castillo-
Thiaridae, and Planorbidae (freshwater), and Helieidae, Agrioli- Rodriguez, 2014). On the other hand, fewer than 35 %
maeidae, Limacidae, Subulinidae, and Vallonidae (terrestrial).
of the native non-marine mollusks are known and 85%
They involve Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819, Pomacea
of the Mexican territory is in need of exploration
canaliculata, Lamarck, 1819, and Dreissena polynwrpha (Pallas,
(Thompson, 2011).
1771), species included among the world's worst invasive species.
In the case of the introduction pathways at global
Some have become naturalized: three brackish and marine
species, six freshwater, and twelve terrestrial. The increase in level, marine vectors are well documented. Mexico has
exchange of goods, services, and transport litis assisted in the a navigation infrastructure that facilitates the in¬
transfer of species from distant places, as has intentional or troduction of alien species; human activities on the
unintentional introduction of species of economic importance continental margins, and in the bays and estuaries of the
(M. galloprovincialis, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793), coastal zone, have evolved since the 16th century and are
C. sikanxea (Amemiya, 1928)), without consideration of the
now part of an impressive network of global marine
epibionts, endobionts, and endoparasites that may also be
traffic. Currently there is the threat of climate change,
introduced. Effective strategies must be developed to minimize
which will undoubtedly alter the structure and compo¬
the potential impact of biological invasions and raise public
sition of native communities. This will also alter the
awareness of the problem; this must include the rigorous ap¬
plication of more stringent regulations. functioning of ecosystems and become a stressor that will
further increase the risk of biological invasions in marine
Additional Keywords: exotic, freshwater, terrestrial mollusks,
and non-marine systems. The effects of climate change
marine, mollusks, economic and biological risks
on the environment will include substantial impact on
native species. Given the increase in threats to the native
fauna, inventories of exotic species become the foun¬
dation for future actions, including the control and
eradication of invasives (Mendoza et ah, 2014). This
article offers a review of the brackish-marine and non¬
INTRODUCTION
marine introduced mollusks in Mexico, constituting the
Biological contamination in the world has increased first national inventory of this type elaborated in Mexico;
markedly since 2000 (Crocetta et ah, 2013), Pimentel it also determines the naturalized species at the national
et al. (2001) estimated that some 480000 species have level. We examine potential vectors and recommend
been introduced around the world throughout the his¬ measures that may help prevent the entry of additional
tory of humankind, and this is of great concern. The alien organisms and that could help control and serve as
effects that alien species may have in ecosystems essential protective measures for the fauna and the
(Carlton, 1999) and in their interaction with native environment at the national level in Mexico.
Page 108 THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 131, No. 2
Early Records of Introduced Mollusks in Mexico Tamaulipas (Correa-Sandoval, 1993, 1998; Correa-Sandoval
and Rodriguez, 2002), and soon afterward in Nuevo Leon
In relation to introduced non-marine mollusks. Cornu
(Correa-Sandoval 1999b; Correa-Sandoval and Rodriguez,
aspersum (Muller, 1774) (as Helix aspersa Muller, 1774)
2005; Correa-Sandoval et al., 2007). Huttonella bicolor
was detected in Mexico by Alexander Humboldt between
(Hutton, 1834) (as Gulella bicolor (Hutton, 1834)) was
1803 and 1804 (Martens 1890-1901); and it was recorded
collected at the archaeological site El Tajin, Veracruz
by Pilsbry (1891) in Mexico City. It was also located in
(Correa-Sandoval, 1999a, 2000).
Jaral, Guanajuato, and other unspecified sites (Martens
In relation to marine mollusks introduced into Mexican
1890-1901). The species became a pest in gardens
waters, Hendrickx (1980) and Salgado-Barragan and
throughout Mexico City (Ancona, 1947) and was later
Toledano (2006) provided data from specimens ob¬
recorded at Chapultepec, and in mountains between
served in situ and preserved in the Invertebrate Collec¬
Mexico City and the city of Cuernavaca (Jacobson, 1952).
tion (EMU) of Unidad Aeademica of Mazatlan, Instituto
Baker (1925) mentioned the presence of Phyllocaulis gatji
de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologfa, Universidad Nacional
(Fischer, 1871) in Mazatlan, Sinaloa. Andrews and
Autonoma de Mexico. There are also other published
Dundee (1987) stated for the first time the problems
records: for example, Okolodkov et al. (2007) and Ortiz-
caused by the slug Sarasinula plebeia (Fischer, 1868) in Arellano and Salgado-Barragan (2012). According to
Chiapas (1980) and Veracruz (1981), and Naranjo-Garcfa Carlton (1999), the diversity and abundance of exotic and
et al. (2007) reviewed the distribution of the family
invasive marine species at worldwide level are still poorly
Veronicellidae nationwide, with particular reference known; this is certainly true for Mexico, where lack
to Sarasinula plebeia (= Sarasinula dubia (Semper, of awareness of the presence of exotic species is
1885)). As for other introduced slugs, Cockerell (1923) compounded bv unfamiliarity of their effects on the
recorded Limacus flavus (Linnaeus, 1758) (as Limax ecosystems.
flavus Linnaeus, 1758) with numerous individuals or
populations in Mexico City. After that. Baker (1930)
Found various European slugs (Limax nuiximus Linnaeus,
MATERIALS AND METHODS
1758 in Desierto de Los Leones to Cuajimalpa; L. flavus in
Huachinango, Puebla; Deroceras laeve (Muller, 1774) The present compilation was assembled based on records
(apballic) in Desierto de Los Leones and Neeaxa; D. laeve of mollusks deposited in: Coleccion Nacional de Moluscos
(phallic) (Muller, 1774) in Cuajimalpa and San Juan (National Collection of Mollusks), Instituto de Biologfa,
Teotihuacan; and Milax gagates (Drapamaud, 1801) in Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico); database of
Desierto de Los Leones. The Cuban species Zachnjsia the Invertebrate Zoology division of the Florida Museum
auricomya havanensis Pilsbry, 1894 was recorded in of Natural History, FLMNH; the Unidad Aeademica of
Yucatan (Bequaert and Clench, 1936) and Vallonia Mazatlan of the Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y
excentrica Sterld, 1893 was found by Joshua L. Baily Jr. in Limnologfa (ICMyL-MAZ, UNAM); the literature; field
Cuernavaca (Pilsbry, 1948). observations by the authors and/or other specialists; a list
The freshwater clam Corbictda fluminea (Nlidler, 1774) of organisms coming from Mexico and intercepted at
(as Corbictda nianilensis (Philippi, 1844)) was recorded in customs upon arrival in the USA; and additional in¬
Baja California, northwestern Mexico (Fox, 1970) and formation provided by David Robinson (letter to E.
Hillis and Mayden (1985) summarized its distribution Naranjo-Garcfa, 4 September 2014). In certain cases,
along the coastal areas of Pacific and in the State of where the literature is very extensive, the first and the
Tamaulipas; it was later recorded in Lake Catemaco, most recent articles or references were selected. Acro¬
southern Veracruz (Torres-Orozco and Revueltas-Valle, nyms used are: CNMO, Coleccion Nacional de Moluscos,
1996). The freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculata Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico; CM, Car¬
(Muller, 1774) was found in the vicinity of Veracruz in negie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh; FLMNH,
1973 (Abliott, 1973), and its presence in Mexico was database of the Florida Museum of Natural History,
confirmed in 1975 by Pointier and McCullough (1989). Gainesville; EMU, Coleccion de Invertebrados, Unidad
More details of its distribution in Mexico have subsequently Aeademica de Mazatlan del Instituto de Ciencias del Mar
emerged (Contreras-Arquieta, 1998; Contreras-Arquieta y Limnologfa.
and Contreras-Balderas, 2000; Contreras-Arquieta, et al.
1995). The first record of Tarebia granifera (Lamarck,
1822) was at Lake Catemaco, Veracruz (Naranjo-Garcfa
RESULTS
et al., 2005), and other foci were later found in northern
Veracruz State (Dipez-Lopez et al., 2009), in southern In total, 56 species of exotic-invasive mollusks from the
Oaxaca State, and in the Lacandona Forest, Chiapas classes Bivalvia and Gastropoda have been so far in¬
(Naranjo-Garcfa non-published data); it was later recorded troduced into Mexico, whether intentionally or not: 15
from 11 lakes of three municipalities in the State of Tabasco brackish-marine, 10 freshwater, and 31 terrestrial mol¬
(Rangel-Ruiz et al., 2011). lusks (Tables 1, 2, and 3). Of these, 36 % came from
The terrestrial species Rumina decollate (Linnaeus, 1758) Europe and the Mediterranean (the majority are terres¬
was recorded in 1993 in the States of San Luis Potosf and trial mollusks), 18 % from Asia- Australia-New Caledonia
E. Naranjo-Garcfa and Z.G. Castillo-Rodriguez, 2017 Page 109
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Page 110 THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 131, No. 2
(several estuarine/brackish- marine and some freshwater and Lozano, 1901; Mariscal, 1902) regarding re¬
species), 46 % from different regions of the planet quirements of the asphalt composition in Submarine
(Table 4), with the place of origin of several being Telegraph cables between the port of Veracruz and
uncertain. Campeche in order to avoid damage caused by the
Most of the brackish and marine species (Table 1) “marine worm”, T. navalis. More recently, there are
belong to the families Mytilidae and Teredinidae checklists, reports and theses records of its presence in
(Bivalvia). Among the freshwater mollusks (Table 2), estuaries on the Mexican coast of the Gulf of Mexico, such
gastropods are the dominant group, in particularly as the Tampamachoco Lagoon, Veracruz (without ref¬
species in the families Ampullariidae, Thiaridae, and erence code), where it has been an element of the epi-
Planorbidae. Most of the terrestrial mollusks (Gastro¬ biosis on the mangrove Rhizophora mangle Linnaeus,
poda) (Table 3) belong to the family Helieidae, followed 1753 since 1980.
by the Agriolimacidae, the Limacidae, the Subulinidae, Oysters of Asian origin, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg,
and the Vallonidae. The species that have been 1793) and, more recently, C. sikamea (Amemiya, 1928),
recorded only once are: Theora lubrica Gould, 1861 are cultivated in Baja California Norte and Sur in Mexico.
(marine), Helisoma duriji (Wetherby, 1879) (as Pla- Sessile oysters adhering by cementing to any hard sub¬
norbella duriji (Wetherby, 1879)) (freshwater), and stratum, together with the large accompanying fauna on
Phyllocaulis gayi, Cecilioides acicula (Mtiller, 1774), the surface of their shells, represent a potential risk to
Arion circumscriptum Johnston, 1828, Vallonia costata wildlife; hence, a study of their ecological impact would be
(Miiller, 1774), Zachrysia auricomya havanensis, and most important. Crassostrea gigas exists as an exotic
Cantareus apertus (Born, 1778) (as Helix aperta Born, species on the southern Pacific coast and, since un¬
1778) (terrestrial). controlled introduction is possible through ballast water
and aquaculture practices, it might also be expected to
eventually be introduced along the southern Gulf of
DISCUSSION
Mexico, in locations as Veracruz State.
Anadara transversa (Say, 1822), a clam from the
Marine Mollusks
northwestern Atlantic, is considered a non-invasive exotic
The ecosystems that now are home to exotic mollusks are species. It was recorded in Tamiahua lagoon, Veracruz by
vulnerable to changes in their composition, regardless of Garcia-Cubas (1969) and Abbott (1974). Although there
whether those mollusks were introduced inadvertently or are no recent records of substantial living populations,
for commercial purposes. Especially threatening are those abundant disjointed valves have been reported.
species that have been restricted to environments dis¬ Theora lubrica Gould, 186L originally from Asia, is
turbed either naturally or by human intervention, as is the considered as one of the most important invasive species
case of brackish and marine mollusks such as Mytilus in Europe (Balena et ill., 2002). According to Steneck and
galloprovindolis Lamarck, 1819 (Mytilidae). Mytilus Carlton (2001), it is one of the 15000 species that have
galloprovincialis, originally from the Mediterranean, been transported across the world in ballast water. It is
Black Sea and Adriatic Sea, has been categorized as one of recorded from Baja California Norte, where it possibly
the 100 worst invasive alien species of the world. Despite arrived secondarily introduced from San Francisco Bay,
this, the species is cultivated for food in the states of Baja USA; it can be considered a potentially invasive species for
California Norte and Sur, and this is without any the Pacific States of Mexico.
knowledge of its ecological impact on the native species. There are fewer records of exotic marine gastropods
Populations of the mussel Pema perna (Linnaeus, 1758) species in Mexico than of exotic bivalve species. Among
are distributed from Texas to southern Veracruz State, these gastropods is the pyramidellid Boonea bisuturalis
Mexico (Hicks and Tunnell, 1993, 1995; McGrath et al., (Say, 1822), a native of the northern coast of the Atlantic
1998), and Hicks et al. (2001) consider that its occurrence (Canada and USA) that feeds on the body fluids of in¬
on Mexican coasts should be carefully monitored. vertebrates (Fretter and Graham, 1949; 1962; Fretter,
Mussels and shipworms can survive tough conditions in 1951), including polychaetes, gastropods, and bivalves,
variable estuarine and marine environments, as well as in and minor groups such as polyplacophorans and some
sheltered sites that may be favorable to their development eehinoderms (Robertson and Orr, 1961). The Mexican
and dispersal: they are adapted to this survival by their coast of the Gulf of Mexico houses marine resources that
sessile habit, their filter feeding, and their modes of include the Eastern Oyster C. virginica (Gmelin, 1791),
reproduction, growth, and morphological protection which represents 90% of the catch produced along that
((McDonald and Koehn, 1988; Turner, 1966; Tuente coast (Caeeres-Martinez and Vasquez-Yeomans, 2013).
et al., 2002; Petes et al., 2007; Didziulis, 2007). Despite studies on diseases and ectoparasites of C.
Tl re shipworms, such as Teredo navalis Linnaeus, 1758, virginica in Mexico (Aguirre-Macedo et al., 2007;
bore into submerged wood substrata all over the world, Caeeres-Martinez and Vasquez-Yeomans, 2013), a study
and there are few records of the species in Mexico. Lopez- of non-native endo- and ecto-parasites of mollusks in the
Garrido (2008) recorded the species from sunken boats in coastal lagoons and coral reefs of the southern gulf is still
the state of Campeche, in the southern Gulf of Mexico. lacking. However, B. bisuturalis (Say, 1822) has been
There are also references from the early 1900s (Dublan registered by De la Cruz and Gcnzalez-Gandara (2006)
E. Naranjo-Garefa and Z.G. Castillo-Rodriguez, 2017 Page 111
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