Table Of Content

Federal Constitutional Law 1234567891234_Book.indb 1 14-Jun-19 11:42:19 AM Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Limited 19 Harris Street Pyrmont NSW 2009 Tel: (02) 8587 7000 [email protected] http:// legal.thomsonreuters.com.au/ For all customer inquiries please ring 1300 304 195 (for calls within Australia only) INTERNATIONAL AGENTS & DISTRIBUTORS NORTH AMERICA ASIA PACIFIC Thomson Reuters Thomson Reuters Eagan Sydney United States of America Australia LATIN AMERICA EUROPE Thomson Reuters Thomson Reuters São Paulo London Brazil United Kingdom 1234567891234_Book.indb 2 14-Jun-19 11:42:19 AM Federal Constitutional Law A Contemporary View SARAH JOSEPH BA/ LLB (Hons) (USyd), LLM (Hons) (Cantab), PhD (Monash) Professor of Law, Monash University MELISSA CASTAN BA/LLB (Hons) (Monash), LLM (Melb), PhD (Monash) Barrister and Solicitor, Victoria and the High Court of Australia Associate Professor of Law, Monash University FIFTH EDITION LAWBOOK CO. 2019 1234567891234_Book.indb 3 14-Jun-19 11:42:19 AM Published in Sydney by Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Limited ABN 64 058 914 668 19 Harris Street, Pyrmont, NSW 2009 ISBN: 9780455241449 © 2019 Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Limited This publication is copyright. Other than for the purposes of and subject to the conditions prescribed under the Copyright Act, no part of it may in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, microcopying, photocopying, recording or otherwise) be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted without prior written permission. Inquiries should be addressed to the publishers. All legislative material herein is reproduced by permission but does not purport to be the official or authorised version. It is subject to Commonwealth of Australia copyright. The Copyright Act 1968 permits certain reproduction and publication of Commonwealth legislation. In particular, s 182A of the Act enables a complete copy to be made by or on behalf of a particular person. For reproduction or publication beyond that permitted by the Act, permission should be sought in writing. Requests should be submitted online at www.ag.gov.au/ cca, faxed to (02) 6250 5989 or mailed to Commonwealth Copyright Administration, Attorney- General’s Department, Robert Garran Offices, National Circuit, Barton ACT 2600. Original Cover Photo © Sarah Joseph Product Developer: Stephen Rennie Edited and typeset by Newgen Digitalworks Printed by Ligare Pty Ltd, Riverwood, NSW This book has been printed on paper certified by the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC). PEFC is committed to sustainable forest management through third party forest certification of responsibly managed forests. For more info: http:// www.pefc.org 1234567891234_Book.indb 4 14-Jun-19 11:42:19 AM Preface It has been over 18 years since we wrote the first edition of this book, and interesting, complex and challenging developments continue to emerge in Australian constitutional law. Over time almost every chapter has undergone significant revision, while retaining the same accessible and contemporary style that we sought to capture in our first edition. This fifth edition of Federal Constitutional Law: A Contemporary View takes into account a wide variety of new constitutional developments arising since the publication of the fourth edition. The law is current to 31 December 2018. The evocative new cover is a photograph of Old Parliament house, taken by Sarah Joseph. Fresh material is incorporated on new cases on issues such as the disqualification of parliamentarians, the implied freedom of political communication, voting rights, proportionality tests, executive power, powers to detain, the federal power to spend and Indigenous issues. We trust that these updates continue to make this book an engaging, analytical and accessible resource for scholars and lawyers who work with Australia’s constitutional jurisprudence. Again, we are grateful for all the feedback and assistance we have received, particularly from Dr Patrick Emerton, and many other colleagues in the law faculty at Monash University and beyond. We are especially grateful to Tom Dreyfus, Ben Needleman and Toby Fadida, and all our previous research assistants, for their invaluable support in the research and updating tasks. We thank the staff, past and present, at Thomson Reuters for their pre- publication assistance and meticulous handling of the manuscript. Finally, we sincerely thank our families and friends for their patience, enthusiasm and support in this undertaking. SARAH JOSEPH MELISSA CASTAN Monash University April 2019 1234567891234_Book.indb 5 14-Jun-19 11:42:19 AM 1234567891234_Book.indb 6 14-Jun-19 11:42:19 AM Table of Contents Preface ..................................................................................................................................................... v Table of Cases ......................................................................................................................................... xi Table of Statutes ............................................................................................................................... xxvii 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 [1.10] Fundamental Concepts in Australian Constitutional Law ..............................................2 [1.60] From Colonisation to Federation .......................................................................................16 [1.85] Overview of the Constitution .............................................................................................20 [1.155] Cutting the Apron Strings: From Federation to the Australia Acts ..............................32 [1.175] Judicial Review .....................................................................................................................36 [1.240] Conclusion ............................................................................................................................65 2. Characterisation of Commonwealth Laws ............................................................................... 67 [2.10] Reserved Powers Doctrine: R v Barger .............................................................................67 [2.15] Explosion of the Reserved Powers Doctrine: The Engineers Case ...............................70 [2.20] The Modern Approach to Direct Characterisation ..........................................................73 [2.25] Incidental Characterisation .................................................................................................77 [2.45] The Relevance of Proportionality in Characterisation ....................................................87 [2.60] Conclusion ............................................................................................................................95 3. The Corporations Power .............................................................................................................. 97 [3.10] From Huddart Parker to the Concrete Pipes Case ..........................................................98 [3.15] Constitutional Corporations .............................................................................................101 [3.45] Scope of the Corporations Power ....................................................................................108 [3.80] Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................125 4. The External Affairs Power ....................................................................................................... 127 [4.10] Extraterritorial Power ........................................................................................................127 [4.15] Relations with Other Countries .......................................................................................133 [4.20] Implementation of Treaties ...............................................................................................134 [4.65] Matters of International Concern .....................................................................................149 [4.70] Customary International Law ..........................................................................................150 [4.75] Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................151 1234567891234_Book.indb 7 14-Jun-19 11:42:19 AM viii Table of Contents 5. The Commonwealth Executive ................................................................................................. 153 [5.10] Persons within the Executive ...........................................................................................154 [5.20] Scope of Executive Power .................................................................................................156 [5.90] Crown Immunity................................................................................................................187 [5.95] Privatisation and Executive Power..................................................................................190 [5.100] Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................190 6. Separation of Judicial Power .................................................................................................... 193 [6.10] Judicial Power .....................................................................................................................194 [6.50] Judicial Power of the Commonwealth ............................................................................210 [6.55] Separation of Judicial Powers – Commonwealth ..........................................................211 [6.75] Exceptions to the Two Principles .....................................................................................219 [6.105] Separation of Judicial Powers – State ..............................................................................229 [6.135] Chapter III as a Source of Individual Rights ..................................................................259 [6.175] Separation of Judicial Power in the Territories ..............................................................285 [6.180] Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................286 7. Inconsistency ............................................................................................................................... 287 [7.10] What Is a “Law” for the Purposes of Section 109? ........................................................288 [7.15] Meaning of “Invalidity” ....................................................................................................288 [7.20] Tests for Inconsistency .......................................................................................................289 [7.25] Impossibility of Simultaneous Obedience ......................................................................289 [7.30] Conferral of Rights .............................................................................................................290 [7.35] Indirect Inconsistency/Covering the Field ....................................................................294 [7.65] Inconsistent Criminal Laws ..............................................................................................307 [7.70] Reassessing the Tests for Inconsistency ..........................................................................312 [7.75] Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................313 8. Intergovernmental Immunities ................................................................................................ 315 [8.10] Preliminary Issue: Crown Immunity ..............................................................................316 [8.15] The Early Law: The Doctrine of Implied Immunities ...................................................316 [8.20] The Engineers Case: Abandonment of Implied Immunities .......................................317 [8.25] Commonwealth Legislative Power over the States ......................................................318 [8.60] State Legislative Power over the Commonwealth ........................................................337 [8.90] Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................348 9. Excise Duties ................................................................................................................................ 349 [9.10] Definition of a “Tax” ..........................................................................................................350 [9.15] The Broad and Narrow Definitions of “Excise” ............................................................355 1234567891234_Book.indb 8 14-Jun-19 11:42:19 AM Table of Contents ix [9.45] The Modern Cases .............................................................................................................366 [9.75] Conclusions: The Future for Section 90? .........................................................................374 10. Spending Government Revenue – The Grants and Appropriations Powers ................ 377 [10.10] Section 96 Grants ................................................................................................................378 [10.45] Appropriation and Expenditure ......................................................................................391 11. Freedom of Interstate Trade, Commerce and Intercourse ................................................. 403 [11.10] A Brief History of Section 92 ............................................................................................404 [11.30] A Fresh Start for Section 92 ...............................................................................................407 [11.75] Freedom of Interstate Intercourse ....................................................................................430 [11.80] Section 92 and the Territories ...........................................................................................433 12. Express Rights ............................................................................................................................ 435 [12.10] Acquisition of Property on Just Terms – Section 51(xxxi) ............................................436 [12.65] The Right to Trail by Jury – Section 80 ............................................................................462 [12.70] Freedom of Religion – Section 116 ...................................................................................468 [12.95] Discrimination on the Basis of Interstate Residence – Section 117 .............................474 [12.105] No Express Right to Vote ..................................................................................................480 [12.110] Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................483 13. Implied Political Rights and Freedoms ................................................................................ 485 [13.10] The Communist Party Case ..............................................................................................486 [13.15] Freedom of Political Communication .............................................................................490 [13.55] Freedoms of Movement, Association and Participation ..............................................525 [13.60] Voting Equality and Voting Rights ..................................................................................527 [13.75] Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................538 14. General Themes in Federal Constitutional Law ................................................................. 541 [14.10] Indigenous People and the Constitution ........................................................................541 [14.40] Constitutional Prohibitions on Discrimination..............................................................562 [14.60] Proportionality ...................................................................................................................575 [14.95] Conclusion ..........................................................................................................................583 Appendix – Commonwealth of Australia Constitution .......................................................... 585 Index ................................................................................................................................................... 623 03_Contents.indd 9 14-Jun-19 6:09:18 PM 1234567891234_Book.indb 10 14-Jun-19 11:42:20 AM