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FARHANA NOSHEEN Department of Agricultural Extension, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad PDF

237 Pages·2011·1.24 MB·English
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Preview FARHANA NOSHEEN Department of Agricultural Extension, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

ANALYSIS OF GENDER INVOLVEMENT IN AGRICULTURAL DECISION MAKING AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN: A CASE STUDY OF DISTRICT CHAKWAL By FARHANA NOSHEEN Reg. No. 2003-ag-828 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION Department of Agricultural Extension, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan 2010 I To, The Controller of Examinations, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. We the members of the supervisory committee, certify that the contents and format of thesis submitted by Ms. Farhana Nosheen, Regd. No. 2003-ag-828 have been found satisfactory and recommend that it be processed for evaluation, by the external examiner(s) for the award of degree. SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE Chairman Prof. Dr. Tanvir Ali Member Dr. Munir Ahmad Member Prof. Dr. Ashfaq Ahmad Mann II DEDICATION I dedicate this effort to My Dear Most Husband & Children (Arham and Zoha) who always tolerated me when I was busy in my studies and ignored all of them to make my dreams to be real MAY! ALL THEY LIVE LONG (AAMIN) III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS If oceans turn into ink and all the woods become pens, even then, the praise of ALMIGHTY ALLAH can not be expressed. He, who created the universe and bestowed the mankind with knowledge and wisdom to search for the secrets. I am greatly obligate to Allah by whom grace I have been able to complete this task successfully. I offer my humble thanks from the core of my heart to the Holy Prophet, Hazrat Muhammad (Peace be upon him) who is forever a torch of guidance and knowledge for humanity. In the completion of this work , I was fortunate in having the generous advice and encouragement of my learned supervisor, Prof. Dr. Tanvir Ali, Department of Agricultural Extension, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad in selecting the research topic, inspiring guidance, sympathetic and unstinted help at every step right from research synopsis to final manuscript writing. It is my privilege to express deep sense of gratefulness to Dr. Munir Ahmad, Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad for his valuable suggestions and guidance in planning, execution, analysis and write up of this manuscript. I must record my special debt and heartiest gratitude to Prof. Dr. Ashfaq Ahmad Mann, Department of Rural Sociology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad who shared his great fund of knowledge during completion of this work. Words are lacking to express my humble gratitude to my affectionate “Father” and my beloved “Mother”. Where all defined words have lost its weight, which always prays for my success and provide shadow form all hardships of life. All of my heartily prayers are for them. I am grateful to Dr. Haq Nawaz (Chairman Department of Sociology, GC University) Faisalabad and Dr. Muhammad Sharif (Chief Scientific Officer, Social Sciences Division, National Agricultural Research Centre) Islamabad for their constructive criticism and valuable suggestions during the research work. How I can forget all of my memories with Dr. Ahmad who added unforgettable thoughts in all. I am thankful to Director Barani Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) Chakwal to provide residential facility for research team at BARI rest house and give a complete guideline of district Chakwal. Special thanks for District Officer Agriculture (Extension Wing) for providing information about rural areas of Chakwal District. Sincere thanks are in order to Dr. Qamar-ul- Haq, Mr. Inam-ur- Rehman. Arif Watoo, Muhammad Asif, Shakeel, Miss Aneela Afzal, Humara, Aqeela Sagheer and many others for providing me help at various steps in conducting my research thesis at District Chakwal, Punjab Pakistan. Finally I wish to express profound regards to my parents, sisters and brothers for their moral support and encouragement for my research work. FARHANA NOSHEEN IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements IV Table of contents V List of tables X List of figures XIII List of abbreviations XIV Definition of terms XVI Abstract XVII Executive Summary XIX CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-14 1.1. Overview 1 1.1.1 Geographical location 1 1.1.2 Climate 1 1.1.3 Demographic information 1 1.1.4 Labor force 2 1.1.5 Geographical location of Punjab province 2 1.1.6 Demography of rainfed areas of Punjab 3 1.1.7 Cropping patterns of rainfed areas in Punjab 4 1.2 Statement of the problems 5 1.3 Need for the study 10 1.4 Objectives 13 1.4.1 General objectives 13 1.4.2 Specific objectives 13 1.5 Assumptions 13 1.6 Limitations of study 14 1.7 Plan of the study 14 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 15-63 2.1 Defining gender 15 2.2 Social status of women in Pakistani society 17 2.3 Sources of information 21 2.4 Gender role in household chores 23 2.5 Gender violence 24 2.6 Gender role in agriculture 26 2.6.1 Gender role in developing countries agriculture 26 2.6.2 Gender role in Pakistan agriculture 31 2.7 Gender role in livestock farming 35 2.7.1 Gender role in livestock farming in developing world 35 2.7.2 Gender role in livestock farming of Pakistan 36 2.8 Role of agricultural extension in gender training 37 2.8.1 Increase training for women in projects 42 V 2.8.2 Conducting agricultural training with literacy 42 activities 2.9 Women consultation in decision making 43 2.9.1 Women consultation in farm management 43 decision making: results from developing world 2.9.2 Women consultation in farm management decision 47 making: results from Pakistan 2.10. Gender role in water management 49 2.11. Gender role in post-harvest technology and food 50 security 2.12. Women empowerment 52 2.13. Gender mainstreaming --- issues and problems 55 2.14. Addressing gender issues --- international efforts for 57 Gender mainstreaming 2.15. Addressing gender issues in Pakistan: policies and 61 Programs 2.16. Concluding remarks 62 CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 64-97 3.1 Introduction to the study area 64 3.1.1 Topography: 65 3.1.2 Climate of the area 65 3.1.3 Geography and historical importance 66 3.1.4 Tehsils of District 66 3.1.4.1 Tehsil Chakwal 66 3.1.4.2 Tehsil Talagang 66 3.1.4.3 Tehsil Choa Sadden Shah 67 3.1.4.4 Sub-Tehsil Kaller Kahar 67 3.1.5 Rural-urban population composition 67 3.1.6 Constituencies of district Chakwal 69 3.1.7 Economy 69 3.2 Research design 71 3.2.1 Research population 72 3.2.2 Sampling 72 3.3 Research tool and Survey Instrument 72 3.4 Aspects to Improve the Quality of Data 73 3.4.1 Developing Interviewing Schedule and Placement of 73 Sensitive Questions 3.4.2 Sequence of the Questions 74 3.4.3 Face Validity and Contents Validity of Interviewing 74 Schedule 3.4.4 Reliability Checks 75 3.4.5 Coding 76 3.4.6 Time and Relevant Questions 76 VI 3.4.7 Training of Interviewers and Field Management 76 3.4.8 Pre-Testing 77 3.4.9 Formal Survey and Data Collection 77 3.4.10 Data Editing 78 3.5 Threats to Validity 78 3.6 Data Processing and Descriptive Analysis 78 3.7 Statistical tests 79 3.7.1 Independent Samples t-test 79 3.7.2 Multiple Linear Regression Analysis 80 3.8 Focus group 81 3.8.1 Introduction 81 3.8.2 Focus group interview 82 3.8.3 Use of the focus groups’ interviews 82 3.8.4 Selection of participants 83 3.8.5 Selection of male and female respondent 84 3.8.6 Questioning route for focus group interviews 84 3.9 The process of conducting focus groups’ interviews 85 3.9.1 The selection of moderator 85 3.9.2 Selecting the locations 86 3.9.3 Proceedings of focus groups’ interviews 86 3.9.4 Beginning the focus groups’ interview 86 3.9.5 Recording the focus groups’ interviews 87 3.9.6 Precautions adopted to improve the quality of data 88 3.10 Financial Support 90 3.11 Problems faced during data collection 90 3.12 Gender involvement in decision making process--- 90 Theoretical Framework CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 98-164 4.1 Gender role(s) in agriculture, livestock, household 98 chores and social matters related activities 4.1.1 Livestock production in the study area 100 4.1.2 Gender based participation of respondents in household 102 and farm activities 4.2 Training needs related to agriculture, livestock, house 106 chores and social matters related activities 4.2.1 Gender based felt needed trainings in household and 106 farm activities 4.3 Gender involvement in agricultural decision making 110 VII and rural development 4.3.1 The final deciding authority on household and farming 110 issues 4.4 Gender specific source of information regarding home 116 management and farm practices 4.4.1 Sources of information 116 4.5 Gender gap with reference to socioeconomic characteristics, education, share/contribution to home 119 income and expenditure, nature and type of work performed, gender violence and access to resources 4.5.1 Socio-economic characteristics of sample respondents 119 4.5.2 Total household income, its composition and role in 124 Household spending 4.5.3 Gender violence faced 126 4.6 Opinion of respondents regarding the gender equality in all fields to life especially in non formal education 133 (extension) 4.6.1 Gender equality opinion evaluation through statements 133 4.7 Problems of gender main streaming in agricultural 138 decision making and extension work 4.7.1 Gender mainstreaming problems faced in the society 138 4.7.2 Factors affecting gender involvement in decision 141 making process about farming 4.7.3 Gender involvement hypotheses testing 143 4.7.4 Regression analysis of factors affecting gender 144 involvement in decision making 4.8 Interpretation of focus groups’ interviews 147 4.9 Results and discussions of focus group 149 4.9.1 Comparison between Husband and Wife respondent’s 149 roles in daily activities 4.9.2 Perceptions of husband and wife respondents about decision making regarding to agricultural activities 151 and practices 4.9.3 Perceptions of male and female respondents about Sources of Information regarding farm & livestock and 157 house hold practices 4.9.4 Attitudes of respondents about Gender violence in 159 your local rural society 4.9.5 Views of male and female respondents about gender 161 equality 4.9.6 Suggestions about gender mainstreaming policy for 163 rural development 4.10 Concluding remarks 164 VIII CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY 165-176 5.1 Summary of literature review 165 5.2 Summary of research methods 166 5.3 Summary of main findings 165 5.4 Recommendations 173 5.4.1 Major Recommendations 173 5.4.2 Recommendations for the Department of Agriculture 174 Government of Punjab 5.4.3 Recommendations for University of Agriculture Faisalabad 175 5.4.4 Recommendations for Ministry of Women Development 176 5.4.5 Recommendations for community and NGOs 176 5.4.6 Recommendations for future researchers 176 LITERATURE CITED 178-204 APPENDICES XXI- XXVIII IX LIST OF TABLES Table Page Title # # 1 Contribution of Chakwal in area and production of various 99 crops in Potohar during 2006-07 2 Average yield of major crops grown in Chakwal district and the 99 Potohar region during 2006-07 3 Frequency distribution of the respondents by major crops grown 100 on their farms 4 Livestock population in Potohar region and its share in Chakwal 100 district 5 Frequency distribution of the livestock species and average 101 number of animal heads on sample respondents’ farms 6 Frequency distribution of the livestock types and herd sizes kept 102 on sample respondents’ farms 7 Frequency distribution of the respondents by level of 104 participation in different activities 7(a) Gender-based participation ranking for household and farm 106 activities 8 Distribution of respondents according to their training needs for 108 various activities/roles 8a Ranking by mean scores about the importance of training in 110 various activities 9 Distribution of decision power lying with in the household 111 10 Distribution of spouse’s level of involvement in decision making 112 on various issues 10a Gender based ranking by mean scores about the degree of 113 empowerment in decision making 11 Respondents’ involvement in decision making on various issues 114 by household head decision making empowerment 12 Respondent involvement ranking in decision making on various 115 issues by household head decision making empowerment 13 Distribution of main reasons for not involving their spouse in 116 decision making 14 Distribution of respondents according to their source of 116 information 14a Distribution of respondents according to the reliability of 118 information provided 14b Ranking by mean scores about reliability of various sources of information 118 15 Frequency distribution of the male and female respondents by 120 X

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1.1.5 Geographical location of Punjab province. 2 . 26 Distribution of physical violence faced by male and female .. Partition of British. India, resulted in the creation of Pakistan on August 14, 1947. the context of continuous changing political, economic, social, and cultural Panhwar, F. 1998.
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