Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class 1780–1850 PDF
Preview Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class 1780–1850
FAMILY FORTUNES First published to wide critical acclaim in 1987, Family Fortunes has become a seminal text in class and gender history, and its influence in the field continues to be extensive today. The book explores the middle-class family and its place in the development of capitalist society. It argues that gender and class need to be thought about together – that class was always gendered and gender always classed. Divided into three parts, the book covers religion and ideology, economic structure and opportunity, and gender in action across two main case studies: the rural counties of Suffolk and Essex and the industrial town of Birmingham. This third edition contains a new introductory section by Catherine Hall, reflecting on some of the major developments in historical thinking over the last fifteen years and discussing the evolution of key themes such as the family. Providing critical insight into the perception of middle-class society and gender relations between 1780 and 1850, this volume is essential reading for students of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century British social history. Leonore Davidoff (1932–2014) was Emerita Research Professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of Essex and Founding Editor of Gender and History. One of the most influential historians of gender her numerous publications included Worlds Between: Historical Perspectives on Gender and Class (1995) and Thicker than Water: Siblings and their Relations (2012). Catherine Hall is Emerita Professor of History and Chair of the Centre for the Study of British Slave-ownership, UCL. Recent publications include Macaulay and Son: Architects of Imperial Britain (2012) and with Nicholas Draper, Keith McClelland, Katie Donington and Rachel Lang, Legacies of British Slave-ownership: Colonial Slavery and the Formation of Victorian Britain (2014). FAMILY FORTUNES Men and Women of the English Middle Class 1780–1850 3rd edition Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall Third edition published 2019 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2019 Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall The right of Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copy- right, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. First edition published by Hutchinson Education 1987 Second edition published by Routledge 2002 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Davidoff, Leonore, author. | Hall, Catherine, 1946- author. Title: Family fortunes : men and women of the English middle class, 1780-1850 / Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall. Description: 3rd edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Identifiers: LCCN 2018030479 (print) | LCCN 2018032516 (ebook) | ISBN 9781315157610 (Ebook) | ISBN 9781138068797 (hbk. : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781138068810 (pbk. : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Middle class—England—History—18th century—Case studies. | Middle class women—England—History—18th century—Case studies. | Middle class—England—History—19th century—Case studies. | Middle class women—England—History—19th century—Case studies. Classification: LCC HT690.G7 (ebook) | LCC HT690.G7 D38 2019 (print) | DDC 305.5/50942—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018030479 ISBN: 978-1-138-06879-7 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-138-06881-0 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-15761-0 (ebk) Typeset in StempelGaramond by Apex CoVantage, LLC For our families and friends especially in memory of my nephew, Jonathan Davidoff 1959-1985 L. D. and for my mother, Gladys Barrett C. H. Contents Acknowledgements Xl Introduction to the third edition Xlll .. introduction XXVll Prologue 13 Introducing James Luckcock of Birmingham - What was the English middle class? - Concepts and methods Setting the scene 36 Places: The town - Birmingham - The countryside - Essex and Suffolk People: The family shop - the Cadburys of Birmingham - The family pen - the Taylors of Essex Part One RELIGION AND IDEOLOGY 71 Introduction 73 1 'The one thing needful': religion and the middle class 76 Church and chapel activity - The Evangelical revival and serious Christianity - Church against Dissent - The religious community 2 'Ye are all one in Christ Jesus': men, women and religion 107 Doctrines on manliness - Doctrines on femininity - The ministry - The minister's wife - John Angell James: 'bishop' of Birmingham - Church organization: women voting and women speaking - Laymen and women 3 'The nursery of virtue': domestic ideology and the middle class 149 The Queen Caroline affair - Middle-class readers and writers - William Cowper and Hannah More - Local writers on separate spheres - Domestic ideologies of the 1830s and 1840s Vlll CONTENTS Part Two ECONOMIC STRUCTURE AND OPPORTUNITY 193 Introduction 195 4 'A modest competency': men, women and property 198 Enterprise organization - Land and capital - Enterprise finance - Providing for dependants - The interdependence of enterprise, family and friends - The role of marriage in the enterprise - Training for the enterprise - Retirement from the enterprise 5 'A man must act': men and the enterprise 229 Middle-class men and occupations - The search for a 'sound commercial education' - Commerce and trade - Banks and banking - Manufacture - Farming - The professions - The salaried 6 'The hidden investment': women and the enterprise 272 Women and property-Women's contribution to the enterprise - The education of women and its effects - Women as teachers - Women as innkeepers - Women in trade - The marginal place of women in the economy - Women, men and occupation identity - How did women survive? Part Three EVERYDAY LIFE: GENDER IN ACTION 317 Introduction 319 7 'Our family is a little world': family structure and relationships 321 The role of marriage in family formation - Fatherhood - Motherhood - Children - Brothers and sisters - The role of wider kin 8 'My own fireside': the creation of the middle-class home 357 What was a home? - The separation of home from work-The meaning of the garden - The lay-out of the home - Running the home - The question of servants 9 'Lofty pine and clinging vine': living with gender in the middle class 397 Manner and gentility - Changing attitudes to sexuality - Mobility and gender - Gender and the social occasion - Gender as appearance CONTENTS ix 10 'Improving times': men, women and the public sphere 416 James Bisset of Birmingham - Voluntary associations - Philanthropic societies - Leisure and pleasure - Men, women and citizenship Epilogue 450 Appendices 1 Three poems by local authors - 2 Sources for the local study - 3 Tables 455 Notes and references 470 Select bibliography 542 People index 560 Subject index 566
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