Europe’s Long Twelfth Century: Order, Anxiety and Adaptation, 1095-1229 PDF
Preview Europe’s Long Twelfth Century: Order, Anxiety and Adaptation, 1095-1229
The Palgrave Macmillan Europe’s Long Twelfth Century Order, Anxiety, and Adaptation, 1095–1229 JOHN D. COTTS ‘An excellent introduction to one of the most fascinating periods of theEuropeanMiddleAges.’–BjornWeiler,AberystwythUniversity,UK Between1095and1229,WesternEuropeconfrontedaseriesofalter- native cultural possibilities that fundamentally transformed its social structures, its intellectual life, and its very identity. It was a period of difficultdecisionsandanxietyratherthanatriumphant‘renaissance’. Inthisfreshreassessmentofthetwelfthcentury, JohnD.Cotts: ∗ shows how new social, economic, and religious options challengedEuropeanstore-imaginetheirplaceintheworld; ∗ providesanoverviewofpoliticallifeanddetailedexamplesofthe originalthoughtandreligiousenthusiasmofthetime ∗ presentstheCrusadesasthecentury’sdefiningmovement. Ideal for students and scholars alike, this is an essential overview of a pivotal era in medieval history that arguably paved the way for a unitedEurope. John D. Cotts is Associate Professor of History at Whitman College, USA. EuropeanHistoryinPerspective GeneralEditor:JeremyBlack BenjaminArnold MedievalGermany RonaldAsch TheThirtyYears’War NigelAston TheFrenchRevolution,1789–1804 NicholasAtkin TheFifthFrenchRepublic ChristopherBartlett Peace,WarandtheEuropeanPowers,1814–1914 RobertBireley TheRefashioningofCatholicism,1450–1700 DonnaBohanan CrownandNobilityinEarlyModernFrance ArdenBucholz MoltkeandtheGermanWars,1864–1871 PatriciaClavin TheGreatDepression,1929–1939 JohnD.Cotts Europe’sLongTwelfthCentury PaulaSutterFichtner TheHabsburgMonarchy,1490–1848 MarkR.Forster CatholicGermanyfromtheReformationtotheEnlightenment MarkGaleotti GorbachevandHisRevolution DavidGates WarfareintheNineteenthCentury AlexanderGrab NapoleonandtheTransformationofEurope NicholasHenshall TheZenithofEuropeanMonarchyandItsElites MartinP.Johnson TheDreyfusAffair TimKirk NaziGermany RonaldKowalski EuropeanCommunism PaulDouglasLockhart SwedenintheSeventeenthCentury KevinMcDermott Stalin GraemeMurdock BeyondCalvin PeterMusgrave TheEarlyModernEuropeanEconomy J.L.Price TheDutchRepublicintheSeventeenthCentury A.W.Purdue TheSecondWorldWar(2ndedn) ChristopherRead TheMakingandBreakingoftheSovietSystem ChristopherRead WarandRevolutioninRussia,1914–22 FranciscoJ.Romero-Salvado Twentieth-CenturySpain MatthewS.SeligmannandRoderickR.McLean GermanyfromReichtoRepublic,1871–1918 DavidA.Shafer TheParisCommune GraemeSmall LateMedievalFrance DavidSturdy LouisXIV DavidJ.Sturdy RichelieuandMazarin HuntTooley TheWesternFront PeterWaldron TheEndofImperialRussia,1855–1917 PeterWaldron GoverningTsaristRussia PeterG.Wallace TheLongEuropeanReformation(2ndedn) JamesD.White Lenin PatrickWilliams PhilipII PeterH.Wilson FromReichtoRevolution EuropeanHistoryinPerspective SeriesStandingOrder ISBN978–0333–71694–6hardcover ISBN978–0333–69336–0paperback (outsideNorthAmericaonly) Youcanreceivefuturetitlesinthisseriesastheyarepublishedbyplacinga standingorder.Pleasecontactyourbookselleror,inthecaseofdifficulty,writeto usattheaddressbelowwithyournameandaddress,thetitleoftheseriesandtheISBN quotedabove. CustomerServicesDepartment,PalgraveLtd Houndmills,Basingstoke,HampshireRG216XS,England Europe’s Long Twelfth Century Order, Anxiety, and Adaptation, 1095–1229 JOHND.COTTS ©JohnD.Cotts2013 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorhasassertedhisrighttobeidentifiedastheauthorofthiswork inaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2013by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN978–0–230–23784–1hardback ISBN978–0–230–23785–8paperback Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 PrintedinGreatBritainbyMPGGroup,Bodmin&King’sLynn For Afton This page intentionally left blank Contents Preface ix Introduction:ApproachestotheTwelfthCenturyandIts ‘Renaissance’ 1 1 VarietiesofPoliticalOrderintheLatinWest 14 TheGermanEmpire,thePapacy,andNorthernItaly 20 MulticulturalKingdomsandtheMediterraneanWorld: SicilyandIberia 34 CompetingMonarchiesinFranceandEngland 49 ChristianizationandtheKingdomsofNorthernand EasternEurope 72 2 People,Economy,andSocialRelations 80 Population 81 Peasants,Lords,andPatternsofSettlement 84 TownsandCities 92 Trade,Commerce,andEconomicGrowth 99 3 SpiritualityandItsDiscontents 107 PatternsofReligiousExperience 109 TheChurchandItsReligiousOrders 120 HereticsandFriarsintheUrbanContext 136 Order,Exclusion,andtheFourthLateranCouncil 143 4 IntellectualSyntheses 151 TheIntellectualWorld:Contexts,Institutions, andPersonnel 152 VarietiesofLatinCulture 167 TheUsesofVernacularLiterature 173 vii viii CONTENTS 5 TheCrusadesandtheIdeaofChristendom 183 TheConceptionandMeaningoftheCrusades 185 PopularPietyandtheFirstCrusade 188 TheCrusaderStatesandtheCrusadingMovement to1229 190 TheTravailsoftheCrusadingIdeal 194 ChristendomandtheWiderWorld 197 Conclusion 199 Notes 202 SuggestionsforFurtherReading 227 Index 234 Preface Given its broad scope, this book must have modest goals. It was conceived as an attempt to fit, between two relatively inexpensive covers, a general survey of the twelfth century that could articulate what this period has meant and continues to mean to medievalists. It seeks, that is, to provide a basic introduction to the politics, soci- ety, and culture of Western Europe between 1095 and 1229 while also introducing the academic study of the period as a subject of considerable interest in its own right. As a result, I have annotated the work more thoroughly than is usual in such a survey. In cases where a particular point is common knowledge to medievalists, or has been discussed in several secondary sources, I have cited the one I thought would be most accessible and interesting to readers approaching the period for the first time. When presenting primary sources, I have tried to discuss things that work well when assigned as readings in introductory courses, and that are available in good English translations. Many of the texts cited are available online or in popular sourcebooks, so that readers may proceed to their own explorations as easily as possible. Several other aspects of this book havebeenshapedbytheundergraduateclassroom.Sincemanyofthe sections started out as lectures, they focus on material and examples that serve to illustrate key points rather than to provide comprehen- sive coverage (which would, at any rate, be impossible in a book of fewerthan90,000words).Thechaptersandtheirsubsectionsdonot follow a single template, but vary based on the kinds of questions andproblemsthatparticularsubjectsinspirefromengagedandmoti- vated students. Although I am deeply indebted to many friends and ix
The list of books you might like
