European Identity: What the Media Say PDF
Preview European Identity: What the Media Say
European Identity Serieseditors:MaurizioCottaandPierangeloIsernia (CIRCaP–UniversityofSiena) Booksintheseriesinclude: TheEuropeofElites AStudyintotheEuropeannessofEurope'sPoliticalandEconomicElites EditedbyHeinrichBest,GyörgyLengyel,andLucaVerzichelli TheEuropeanizationofNationalPolities? CitizenshipandSupportinaPost-EnlargementUnion EditedbyDavidSanders,PaoloBellucci,GáborTóka,andMarianoTorcal EuropeanIdentity WhattheMediaSay EditedbyPaulBayleyandGeoffreyWilliams CitizensandtheEuropeanPolity MassAttitudesTowardstheEuropeanandNationalPolities EditedbyDavidSanders,PedroMagalhães,andGáborTóka European Identity What the Media Say Edited by Paul Bayley and Geoffrey Williams 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,OxfordOX26DP OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwidein Oxford NewYork Auckland CapeTown DaresSalaam HongKong Karachi KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Nairobi NewDelhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto Withofficesin Argentina Austria Brazil Chile CzechRepublic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore SouthKorea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress intheUKandincertainothercountries PublishedintheUnitedStates byOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork #theseveralcontributors,2012 Themoralrightsoftheauthorshavebeenasserted DatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker) Firstpublished2012 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress, orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriate reprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproduction outsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment, OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcover andyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirer BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Europeanidentity:whatthemediasay/editedbyPaulBayleyandGeoffreyWilliams. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978–0–19–960230–8(hardback) 1. Europe—Presscoverage—Europe. 2. Massmediaandlanguage—Europe. 3. Discourse analysis—Politicalaspects—Europe. 4. Rhetoric—Politicalaspects—Europe. 5. National characteristicsinmassmedia. 6. Identity(Psychology)andmassmedia—Europe. I. Bayley, Paul. II. Williams,Geoffrey,1945– P95.82.E85E9422012 079’.40141—dc23 2012002802 TypesetbySPIPublisherServices,Pondicherry,India PrintedinGreatBritain onacid-freepaperby MPGBooksGroup,BodminandKing’sLynn ISBN 978–0–19–960230–8 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 ’ Series Editors Foreword In a moment in which the EU is facing an important number of social, economic,political,andculturalchallenges,anditslegitimacyanddemocratic capacitiesareincreasinglyquestioned,itseemsparticularlyimportanttoaddress the issue of if and how EU citizenship is taking shape. This series intends to addressthiscomplexissue.ItreportsthemainresultsofaquadrennialEurope- wideresearchproject,financedundertheSixthFrameworkProgrammeofthe EU. Thatprogramme has studied the changes inthe scope,nature, and char- acteristicsofcitizenshippresentlyunderwayasaresultoftheprocessofdeepen- ingandenlargementoftheEuropeanUnion. TheIntUne Project––Integrated andUnited: AQuest for Citizenship inan EverCloserEurope––isoneofthemostrecentandambitiousresearchattempts toempiricallystudyhowcitizenshipischanginginEurope.TheProjectlasted fouryears(2005–2009)anditinvolvedthirtyofthemostdistinguishedEuro- peanuniversitiesandresearchcentres,withmorethan100seniorandjunior scholarsaswellasseveraldozengraduatestudentsworkingonit.Ithadasits mainfocusanexaminationofhowintegrationanddecentralizationprocesses, atboththenationalandEuropeanlevel,areaffectingthreemajordimensions of citizenship: identity, representation, and scope of governance. It looked, in particular,attherelationshipsbetweenpolitical,social,andeconomicelites, thegeneralpublic,policyexpertsandthemedia,whoseinteractionsnurture the dynamics of collective political identity, political legitimacy, representa- tion,andstandardsofperformance. In order to address empirically these issues, the IntUne Project carried outtwowavesofmassandpolitical,social,andeconomicelitesurveysin18 countries, in 2007 and 2009; in-depth interviews with experts in five policy areas;extensivemediaanalysisinfourcountries;andadocumentaryanalysis ofattitudestowardsEuropeanintegration,identity,andcitizenship.Thebook seriespresentsanddiscussesinacoherentwaytheresultscomingoutofthis extensivesetofnewdata. The series is organized around the two main axes of the IntUne Project, to report how the issues of identity, representation, and standards of good governance are constructed and reconstructed at the elite and citizen levels, and how mass–elite interactions affect the ability of elites to shape identity, v IntUneSeriesForeword representation, and the scope of governance. A first set of four books will examine how identity, scope of governance, and representation have been changing over time at elites, media, and public level, respectively. The next twobookswillpresentcross-levelanalysisofEuropeanandnationalidentity ontheonehandandproblemsofnationalandEuropeanrepresentationand scope of governance on the other, in doing so comparing data at both the mass and elite level. A concluding volume will summarize the main results, framingtheminawidertheoreticalcontext. M.C.andP.I. vi Preface This volume is part of a series of books, edited by Maurizio Cotta and Pier- angelo Isernia, reporting findings of the transnational EU-financed research project entitled IntUne. The aim of theproject was essentially to investigate andanalyseattitudesto,andopinionsabout‘anevercloserEurope’fromthe pointofviewofmasspublicopinion,theopinionsofpoliticalelitesandthe opinionsofexperts,andfinallythenewsmedia. Thisvolumerepresentsfindingsbythemediagroup—linguistsspecializing in computer-assisted analysis of texts. It sets out to show how the press and televisedmediafromfourEuropeancountries—France,Italy,Poland,andthe UK—coveraspectsoftheEuropeanUnionandapotentiallydevelopingsenti- mentofcitizenshipwithintheunion.Theanalyseshavebeenconductedon theentirecontentsoffournewspapersandtwotelevisionnewsbroadcastsin each of the four countries gathered over two periods of three months, for newspapers,andtwoperiodsoftwomonthsforTVnews. The work presented draws on the theoretical and methodological frame- works of corpus linguistics (which deals with large collections of digitally stored texts) and discourse analysis (which seeks to explain and interpret individual texts). However, it is not aimed primarily at specialists of these disciplines, but rather to a wider audience with the aim to show what these disciplines can bring to the study of political and sociological issues. Conse- quently,specializedterminologyhasbeenusedsparingly.Itshouldideallybe seenasacontributiontothelargerdebateonEuropeanditsdevelopmentas studiedthroughtheIntUneprogramme. AvarietyofissuesrelatedtoEuropehavebeentreated,fromvaryingangles, such as the representations of European institutions in the media and the natureofEuropeitselfasaconcept,therepresentationofEurope’shistoryand culture,andtherepresentationofcitizenshipandofimmigration.Sixofthe chaptersfocusontheprintmedia,whiletwoexaminethecoverageofEurope andEuropeanissuesontelevisionnews. PaulBayleyandGeoffreyWilliams vii Acknowledgements ThisresearchwasfundedbyagrantfromtheIntUneproject(Integratedand United:AquestforCitizenshipinanevercloserEurope)financedbytheSixth FrameworkProgrammeoftheEuropeanUnion,Priority7,CitizensandGov- ernanceinaKnowledgeBasedSociety(CIT3-CT-2005-513421). Figure 4.1 is reproduced with kind permission of TG1 News, Figure 4.2 is reproducedwithkindpermissionoftheInstitutnationaldel’audiovisuel,and Figures4.3and4.4arereproducedwithkindpermissionofBBCNews. Thanks are due to the following researchers on the IntUne media group who took care of the technical work on the mark-up of the corpora: Łukasz Dróz˙dz˙,NathalieDugalès,AnnaMarchi,ChrystelMillon,ChristopheRopers, and Marco Venuti; and to those who helped to collect, transcribe, and process the television data: Silvia de Candia, Mikołaj Deckert, Claire Evans, Delphine Giuliani, Stephanie Kautzmann, Anna Marchi, Ben Saunders, and AmyWalkers. viii Contents ListofFigures xi ListofTables xii ListofContributors xv 1 Introduction:ExploringtheIntUnecorpus 1 PaulBayleyandGeoffreyWilliams PartI RepresentingEurope:Itsnationsanditsinstitutions 2 Representationsofrepresentation:Europeaninstitutionsinthe FrenchandBritishpress 21 NathalieDugalèsandGordonTucker 3 Nationandsupernation:AtaleofthreeEuropes 55 GeoffreyWilliams,RobertaPiazza,andDelphineGiuliani 4 DiscoursesofEuropeanidentityinBritish,Italian,and FrenchTVnews 84 JoannaThornborrow,LouannHaarman,andAlisonDuguid 5 Does‘Europe’haveacommonhistoricalidentity? 118 AnnaMarchiandAlanPartington PartII RepresentingEurope:Itspeopleanditscitizens 6 SemanticconstructionsofcitizenshipintheBritish,French, andItalianpress 153 PaulBayley,DelphineGiuliani,andVanessaSerret 7 Usandthem:HowimmigrantsareconstructedinBritishandItalian newspapers 190 JohnMorleyandCharlotteTaylor 8 WeintheUnion:APolishperspectiveonidentity 224 BarbaraLewandowska-TomaszczykandJerzyTomaszczyk ix
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