European Handbook of Plant Diseases

597 Pages·1988·101.64 MB·English

THIS HANDBOOK IS
DEDICATED TO THE MEMORY OF
Juliet Elizabeth Smith
1 OCTOBER 1967-9 APRIL 191'16
European Handbook of Plant Diseases Edited By I.M. Smith, J. Dunez, D. H. Phillips, R.A. Lelllott and S.A. Archer
© 1988 Blackwell Scientific Publications ISBN: 978-0-632-01222-0
European Handbook of
Plant Diseases
EDITED BY
I.M. SMITH
Director-General.EUTOJX'anandMediterranean
Plant ProtectionOrganization
J. DUNEZ D. H. PHILLIPS
DireClOr. Plant }}athologyStation FormerlyPrincipal Pathologist
INRA·Bordcaux. France Fore'!CommissionofGrcal Britain
R.A. LELLlOTT S.A. ARCHER
t-onncrlyI)lrector LecturerIn Plant I'athology
H<lrpcnden Laboralol)'. UK ImperialCollcgl:. London. UK
REGIO 'AL CO 'SUL'! ANTS
CHAPTERS 1--1
M .F. CLARK. Institutefor IlorllculturalR~arch
EaStMailing. l;1(
G. P. MARTEL LI. Plant P:llholo~n Institute
Ban. hal)
CHAPTERS 5-17
H.B. GJAE RUM. NorwegianPlant Protection
Institute. A,. Norway
as.
E.C. TJAM Benaki Phytopathologic'll
Inslituto..:. Athcn" Gn'ccc
1'1;111\ Protection. Budapc'l. Ilungar}
BLACKWELL SCIE TIFIC PUBLICATIONS
O\FORD LOI'DO' CDI'8L RGU
BaSTO:-- PALO ALTO MFI "OUR'!::
This handbook issponsored by the BritishSociety for Plant Pathology
and the European and Mediterranean Planl Protection Organization
with the support_ for the illustrations. of Du Pont de Nemours (SA)
, I'ISMh) Black"'cllSc,enutkl'ubhC'allOn~
Edllonalofhco:
USAalldCanada
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Contents
Preface. vii 10 Ascomycctes I: General: Endomycetales,
Taphrinales. Eurotiales. Erysiphales. 249
Contributors. xi
II Aseomycctes II: Clavicipitales.
Virusc~ I: General: Major VirusGroups. I Hypocrealcs. 274
1 Viruses II: MinorVirusGroups. 68 12 Ascomycetcs III: Ophiostomatales.
Oiaporthales. Polystigmatales.
~ Viruses III: ngroupcd Virusesand Virus Sphaeriaks. Oiatrypales.Coryneliales.
Complexes. M9 307
.t Viruses IV: Diseases Assumed to be Due 13 Ascomycetes IV: Dothideales. 348
to Viruscs. 102
14 Ascomycetes V: Rhytismatales. Pezizales.
5 MollicUlCSand Rickeusia-IikeOrganism~. Caliciales. Helotiales.425
117
IS Basidiomycetes I: Ustilaginales. 462
() Bacteria I: Pseudomonasand
Xawhomol1as. 136 16 Basidiomvcetes II: Uredinales.473
7 Bacteria II: Agrohacleriunl. 17 Basidiomycetcs III: Hymenomycetes.504
Coryfleb(lcreriwll. Erwill;lIand Other
B'lclcria. 176 Pathogen Indcx. 527
H Oomycctes. 199 1I0st Index. 551
9 Chytridiomycetes:
Plasmodiophoromycctes: Zygomycetes.
24IJ
Colourplates between pages306and307
v
Preface
TheaimoftheEllropelll/ HlIIulbookofPla"tDiseases general. easily accessible references. However. the
is 10 pro\ide a comprehensive treatment of the intern<ttionalauthorshipoftheHandbookisreflected
disea~s of cuhi\'3led plants and major forest and in the inclusion freferencesfrom manysourcesand
amenity trees in Europe. TIle emphasi.. of this in many languages. Ingeneral.at leastonereference
treatment ISon the biologyofthe pathogen. the epi is givcn for e\cry organism included. For forest
demiology of the disease. and on economic import pathogens. thi" can be taken to be Phillips &
ance and conlrol. Nevertheless, it was decided to Burdekin (1982). a recenl comprehensive work co
arrangetheII'lndbook followingthesyslemalicclass authored by our co-editor. or Lanierel 0/. (197&).
ilic.uion of pathogens, rather than on :l hO'\t-plalll Both authors and editors have had very frequent
basis. Each approach has its advantages and disad· occasion to refertocertainserial publications. which
V~lnlagc:"o.and Ih~arrangementchosen by theeditors havc been extremely useful in thc preparation ofthe
follows (he example ofsuch eminent forerunners as Handbook. The CMI Descripli01lS of Palhoge"ic
Brooks(1~53)andViennot-Bourgin(1~4~). FlIllgi"lidB"cter;"(CMI 1%1-1985).theCMI/AAB
In compiling Ihe Ilandbook, pathogell' arc first and AAB DescripliollsofP/am Viruses (CMItAAB
as~ssed and classed as of major. intermediate or 1970-I~l>I: AAB 195) and the CMI Disrribllf;oll
minor importance in Europe. Thisassessment hasto MapsofPlum Diseases(CMI 19-15-1985)areciledin
allow for the practical importanceofthediseaseand the lext by number. The reader is urged to refcr to
the importance of Ihe crop-thus a very minor them for further details on morphology and geo
disease of grapevine might receive about the same graphical distrihution in particular. The American
treatment as a major disease of violas. Wild plants Phytopalhological Society's Compendia of Plant
(other than important forest or amenity trees). and Diseases are similarly cited by crop. and the EPPO
gardenplan",notcommerciallygrownonao,;ignificant Data Sheets on Quarantine Organisms by number.
,",cale.arcnot included.Ouraimis10haveeachmajor The editors recognize here their gre<H indebtedne~s
lind intermediate pathogen treated by a European to the multipleauthorsoftheseseries. whosecontri·
plant pathologist thoroughlyfamiliar in practicewith bution isnotexplicitlycited.
thediseasesconcerned.andthustoproduce3manual In maltcrs of nomenclature. much use has been
based as far as possible on recent local experience. madeofthecheckli~tsforscientificnamesofcommon
rather than on " world·~cale bibliogmphic view. In parasitic fungi produced by Boerema & Verhoeven
f'lel. the editor..havecalledon a few non-European (1972-1980). In addition. two works which ap
author'i and have mostly compiled themselves the peared during editing have much helped to clarify
informationon theminororganisms.withoul necess taxonomic pmition and synonymy. especially
arily direct experience ofthem. To try tocorrect for among the ascomycetes: the 7th edition ofthe CMI
any regional bias. all the material has been reviewed DictionaryoftheFungi (Hawksworthel(1/. 1(83)and
by regional consuhant~who :'ave tried to ensure a the Annotated Checklisl of British Ascomycotina
well-balancedapproach. (Cannon el(1/. 1985).The lastword hascertainlynot
Asa rule.only pathogensoc.:curringin Europearc been saidon theassignmemofgenera tothe various
included. Ilo"ever.certainnon-Europeanorganisms ascomycete groups. but the editors at least felt that
C[1n be con...idered to present a specific threat to they had a much more coherent framework towork
Europe. and arc considered as 'quarantine with than before these texts appeared. T\\o other
organisms'forthecontincnt. Bricfmentionit;;accord books which appeared very rec..-ently have not been
ingly made of pathogens on the EPPO AI list of taken into account but provide very valuable infor
quarantineorganisms(EPPO 1~82). mation. and in particular numerous figures: Ellis &
Each chapler concludcs with a bibliography. In Ellis (1~~5) and Brandenburger (1985). One publi
general. anatlempt hasbeenmadetoconcentrateon cationwhichhal'>beenmuchusedwithoutthisappear-
VII
Preface
VIII
ing directly in the text at 311 is the BAYER list of reader i" referred toworks~uch'L"i Bepes /"1'31tlwl
pathogens and their computer codes (Bayer 1979). DL"ease Comroll-latl(/book (Scopes& Lcdieu lY~.l)
Thissix-charactercodingsystem hasbeenuscdasthe orACfA'sIIIl/ex PhYlosaniraire(ACTA I'JX5).
basic reference field in :'1 microcomputer d::lla base. The initial concept ofthe Europeal/ Ham/book oj
run with the software dBase-II (AshlUll-Tatc). to P/alllDiseasesOWC!'llllllchtoDrBryanWheclcr.\\!In.
keep track of the 27(XJ organisms and 420) names :-IS chairman ofIhe Federalion ofBritish Plant Pmh
encountered (though not all used) in editing the ologists in 1980. provided the necessary slimulation
Handbook. Finally. we mention a number ofother for work tostarton theproject which he himselfhad
textswhich have been frequently u'jed. and Illayalso hoped to realize. Thc BritishSociety for Plant Path·
becitedinthereferences(Moore 1959:Khokhryakov ology. which succeeded the Fcder..Ilion. has main
1%6:Messiaen& Lafon 1970:O'Rourke 1976:Kranz tained its sponsorship. The Handbook is al..o
elal. 1977: eergaard 1977:Dixon 198~). sponsoredbytheEuropeanandMeditcrranean Plant
Theeditorshave. in theirsyslematicarrangement. Prateclion Organization. whose Secretariat ha~
taken account of two points which are by no mean~ providedindispensableandpatientsupportin.1"pre
new. but which havenOt yet been widelyassimilated paralion. The inclusion of colour illustration... ha,
in the phytopathological literature. Firstly. plant heen madc possible by the generou~support of Du
viruses are presentcd in Iheir groups following Ponl emour~ (SA).
Matthews (1982)-current practice in the virology
literature but hardly yet in pathology. Secondly. the
teleomorph/anamorphterminologyh:lsbc~n ""edfor
fungi. tcleomorph names have been used wherever
possible. and anamorphs without a known tcleo· THE ARRANGEMENT OF
morph have been grouped with their most probable THE TEXT
relatives. 0 use has been made of the classification
ofimperfect fungi. Itis Irue that acertain numberof The diseases are treated by pathogen. arranged III
fungi remained for which noprobable relativeswere chapte~ by major s)'slenHltic groups. Within each
apparent: Ihese have been grouped at Ihe end of chapter. entriesaregrouped (ifappropriate)accord
Chapter 13. Asa betterunderstandingof'the whole ing to furlher systematic groups abovc the genus
fungus' evolves. induding its capacity as a plant (order. family). Finally, thc genera arc ::trrangcd
pathogen. it will be possible finally 10 relale all so broadlyalphabetic:.lIly.asarethcspecieswithineach
called imperfect fungi to a single mycological class genus. However. the reader should use the inde:x In
ification. In the meantime.we havenodouht madea locatc a pathogen rather than rely on an alphabellc
certain number of errors in trying 10 work to this sequencc which is frequenlly. for various reas.on"i.
principle but feel it isworthwhile inorder 10uphold disturbed. Eachentryisinprincipleindependentand
il. The edilOrs are responsible for the decisions on Self-explanatory. unless it specifically include~cro"iS
nomenclalure and systematic arrangement. It may references toolherpathogens. However. material III
alsobenotedthat. incitingauthoritIesfornames.the the introduclion 10 each chapler ill not repciltcd In
list proposed by Hawksworth (19XU) ha' heen individualentries.
followed for abbreviations. Other aUlhoritie~have EilCh entry for a major pathogen i"i divided into
not beenabbreviated. sectionsasfollow~:
It has been necessary in Ihis Handbook to referby I) Nalllc.synonymsandanamorph names.
name to many fungicides for the cOlllrol of planl 2) Basic dcscription of the pathogen. Thi!) conta1l1'"
diseases.TheedilorsarcnotinsodoingassertingIhal essential noteworthy fealures chosen by the author.
Ihese compounds are registered for the"ilatcd u"e in especiallydistinguishingch<lractersfromotherpatho
any European country. The R0yal Socicty of gens. It docs not attempl to be comprehen"iive or
Chemistry's European D,reCIOr\' of AgrochemiCtl/ consistent. The eMIdescriptionlii are recommended
PrOt/UCIS (RSC 1984) is an excellent puhlication in in particularfordetailwhichcannotbegi\cnh~rc
which toverifythesituation foragivencompound in 3) Host planls. nless olherwise indicated. onl~
most European counlries. In addition. it mu~t be natural hO!'lts are given. The information in Ih....
recognized thai authors have not been consislent in section has served as the basis for Ihe ho~t-planl
IhedegreeofdClailgivenon fungicidesusedagainsta index. which also provides Lmin names 01 the:
pathogen.TheeditorshavenOIwught10correctIhis. comll1on and familiar cultivated plants the: cc!ilOr...
since this Handbook is not a treatment manuaL The havechosen torefer10onlyhy Englishnamc.
Preface ix
4) Host specialization. or information on h05[ 15-16 (SA & IMS). 17 (IMS). DHP oversaw all
specialized formae speciales. varieties. races or seclions concerned wilh forest palhogens. Each
pathotypes. The lerm 'physiologic race' has been individualentryhasitsauthorindicatedattheend. If
rejected as bearing no relation to modern con no name is given. the editor of the chapler can be
ceplions. [fnoevidenceofsuchspecialization exists. taken to havc been the author. All authors' names
thesection isgenerallyomitted. and addrcs~csare given on pp. xi-xiv.
5) Geographical distribulioll. Obtaining accurate
and up-to-datedislribulionalinformationcanbevery
difficult. parrly Ihrough under-recording. and parrly
REFERENCES
through difficultyinassessingoldorisolatedrecords.
The informalion given is essenlially drawn from Ihe
AAI3 (1985) Desaiptiol/.\· of Plallf Viruse.f nos 296-309
literature and has not been directly verified in any
Association of Applied Biologists. VRS.
way. Distribution in Europeisgenerallypresented in
Wellcsbourne.
Illore detail than for the rest of the world. and it ACTA (1985) II/dex Ph)'to!mlliwire. Prodfli1:J'inseCficides.
should nOI be assumed that informalion on non fOl/gicides. he,.bicides (cd. G. Dubois) (21sl edn).
European dislribution is in any way comprehensive. Association de Coordination Technique Agricolc.
TheeMI mapsarerecommendedforfurrherdetails. Paris.
6) Diseases. The main aim of Ihis section is 10 APS (1977-1985) Compendia or Whe(/( (1977). Aljalla
(1979). Com{1980}.CO/toll(1981). Potato(1981). Elm
describe syrnploms. of which the disease name is a
(1981), Soybnltl (1982). Barley (1982). 'Fur/grass
short-hnnd form. Commonly used English disease
(1983). Rose(1983). Strawberry{1984}. Peaflllt(19M).
Ilames are given but. except in the special c::lse of Pea (1984) Diseases. American Phytopathological
viruses. havenotbeenindexed. 0 particularnameis Sociely.$1. Paul.
preferred. Readers may refer to BSPP's Names of Bayer(1979) Verzeh.hni.)·der~VichligslenKrtmkheifserreger
Commoll Brifis" Pia", Diseases (BSPP 1984). which bzw.-Ilrsache" Bayer. Levcrkusen.
BoercmaG.H. & VerhocvcnA.A. (1972-1980}Chcck-lisl
alsoincludesnamesinseveralotherlanguages.orelsc
for scientific names ofcommon parasitic fungi. Series
the AI'S',MultilingualCompendia (Miller& Pollard
la-Ib: Fungi on treesandshrubs. Series2a-2d: Fungi
1976-1977).
onfieldcrops. fI,'efher/(ltIds10"rnalofPla1/lPmhology78
7) Epidemiology. Whereas the earlier seelions (suppl. I); 79, 165-179:82. 193-214;83.165-204;85.
generally summarize established information. this 151-185;86.1"9-228.
and the later ~eclionsshould reflect reeen! research Brandenburger W. (1985) Parasili.l"ehe Pil:e all Gefiiss
pflallzell in Ellropa. Gustav Fischer. Stultgarl.
work and thecurrenl agriculturalsiwatioll.
Brooks F.T. (1953) Plallt Diseases (2nd edll). Oxford
X) Economicimparlance.
UnivcrsilyPress.
lJ) COlllrol. BSPP(1984)NamesofCommOil8ritishPlamDiseasesa"d
10) Special research illlerest. This seclion. often theirCaw·es. PhyfopatllOlogicalPaperno.28.Common
omitted. rellecls the faci lhat many pathogens or wealthAgriculturalBureaux.Slough.
diseases have all importance in phytopathological Cannon P.F.. Hawksworth D.L. & Sherwood-Pike M.A.
research and/or concepts which may be quite inde (1985) The British Ascomycoti,,,,: All Annotared
Checklist. Commonwealth Agricultural Bure~ux.
penclenl ot'c.:conomicimporlance.
Slough.
In some cases. when one pathogen causes vcry
eMI (1945-1985) Distribution Maps ofPlam Diseasesnos
distinct diseases 011 different hosts. sections 6-10 1-566.Commonwcal1hAgriculturalBureaux.Slough.
have been repeated for each. The arrangements for eMI (1964-[986) Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi alld
viruses arc somewhat different (sec also Introduc BaCleri" nos 1-870. Commonweallh Agricullural
tion.Chapler I). Fororganismsoflesserimportance. Bureaux.Slough.
CMIIAAB ([970-1984) DescripfiollsofPlm1l Viruses nos
the same basic sequence has mostly been respected
1-295.CommonwealthAgriculturalBureaux.Slough.
bUI the texl is no longer divided into separate
Dixon G.R. (19H2) Vegetable Crop Diseases (2nd cdn).
seclions. Literature citalions have been placed al an Macmillan. London.
appropriale point in the tex!. bUI will ohen have a Ellis M.B. & EllisJ.P. (1985) Micro/llngiall LalUl P/ams.
muchwiderrelevancetomanyaspeclsconccrningthe Al/ldentificatlOlI/-Ialldbook. CroomHelm.London.
palhagen, The bibliography as a whole is placed at EPPQ (1978-1985) Data shcclson quaranlincorganism~.
theendofthcchapter. BLifierinO£PP/EPPOBufle/in8(2):9(2): 10(I):II(I);
12(1); 13(1);14(1).3-72;t6(1).13-78.
EPPO (1982) Ul'cQmmemlatiom' Oil New Qu(/rtlmi"e
The chaplcrs wcre ediled as follows: 1-4 (JD). 5 Measures (2nJ cdn). Btlfle/in OEPP/EPPO Bulle/i" 12
(RAL & IMS). 6-7 (RAL). 8-13 (lMS). 14 (SA). (specialissue).
x Preface
Hawksworlh D.L. (1900) Rccommend~dabbrc\'iation~for Compemlillm ofPIWll Disease). YoI<-.. I II. American
the names of some commonly ciled <Iuthor<; of fungi. PhytopathologicalSociety.51. Paul.
ReviewofPlamPathology59.473-·t80. Moore w.e. (1959) IJruMI Pams/{Ic HUlME Cambndg.c
Hawksworth D.L., SUllon B.C. & AinsworthG.C. (198.1) UniversityPress.
;\1II5wonJr(mdBlsby'sD;etlOfIa,.)'Ort"~Fungi(7thcdn). Nccrgaard P. (1977) Seed 1'(1/110101-:\ (~ \olurnc,)
CommonwealthAgriculturall3ureaux.Slough. Macmillan.London.
Khokhryakov M.K. (1966) Oprede/itel' Bo(t:2.IIet Rtutnlll. O'Rourke c.J. (1976) DlSease:i of (;m~:ie, and I'()m~l'
Kolos.Leningrad. LegumesmIrelatld. AnForasTalllll1ai,.Carin".
KranzJ..SchmutlcrcrH.& KochW.(1977)Dlsnlses. /'('5lJ Phillips D.H. & Burdekin D.A. (1IJX2) OI\'ellH'soj hm'\/
'wdWeedsinTropirulCrops. Paul Parey. Berlin. al/(IOrmmU'malTr('t'.~.Macmillan.London
Lanier L.. loly P.. Bondollx I), & Beltcmerc A. (197~) RSC(1984)EMOpe(UIDireClOnofAgux."hem/c(l/Prof/IIt'h
Myc%g;e el PlllllO/og;~ Forestien's (2 \olumc~). 01. I. Ftmgicidef. Ro)al $oI.:iCl} 01 Chern,,'''.
Masson.Paris. Noltmgham.
MatlhcwsR.E.F.(1982)ClassifiC;llionandnomenclatureof Scopes N. & Ledieu M. (1983) I'entmd DI\t'IUt' Comml
plantviruses.Imerl'irology 17. 1-200. lIalldbook. BCPC. Croydon.
MessiaenC.M.& LafonR.(1970)LesMa/adu!\'ti,'S"/tlt/U'S Vicnnot-BourginG. (ItJ.I9)LesCIJWtllJl!o:IIoml',mHIf<'\dt'\
MlIra;cheres. INRA, Paris. P/WlfCSCullil,ees. Ma..~on. Pari...
Miller P.R. & Pollard H.L. (1970-1977) Mlllti/it/Kllal
Contributors
\ '1/ A DA \'1SJ:/wMafllll8ResearchStatio",MUll/StOlfI:' s, r, BUCZACKINarionalVegerableResearchSlalion.
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AL80 U,SumondePathologieV;g;talt'.CNRA.ROlltf' Franci.'
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